Dissection Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay

Dissection Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay For most mammals, the heart is an extremely important organ in their bodies. Acting as a pump, the heart can control the blood by alternating the contractions of muscles and their relaxations. Because of this pumping action, the blood can be kept flowing throughout the bodies. Like other mammals, the pigs heart has a complex structure. The heart is made up of three layers, the epicardium, mycardium and endocardium (Pathguy, 2005). It is also divided into four main chambers. They are the right atrium and right ventricle, the left atrium as well as the left ventricle (Lane, 2010b). On both sides, the upper chambers are known as the atria, and the ventricles are lower. Since the left ventricle needs to pump the oxygenated blood throughout the body, it has thicker muscle. The left ventricle wall is thicker than other chambers (Lane, 2010b). It is three times the thickness of the right ventricle ¼Ã‹â€ Skillstat, 2005 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a muscle called septum. The septum is made up of two regions; the interatrial septum and the interventrial septum (Buddyproject, 2000). In the heart, there are a series of valves used to control the blood flow direction. On each side, a special valve separates the atrium and the ventricle. The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve. This valve allows blood to enter the right ventricle from the right atrium. And it can also prevent the backflow of blood (Lane, 2010b). Having similar functions, the valve on the left side is the bicuspid valve (Lane, 2010a). Double circulation in mammal consists of the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit (Pickering, 2000). These two circuits are separated. Deoxygenated blood from the body can be received and pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart (Losos, Mason Singer, 2008). This is the pulmonary circuit. The systemic cycle is that the left side of the heart carries oxygenated blood and pumps it to the tissues and organs. This double circulation is also achieved by the arteries and veins in the heart (Losos, Mason Singer, 2008). The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava can return deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the right atrium. To oxygenate the blood, pulmonary artery can deliver the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs ¼Ã‹â€ NHLBI, nd). Oxygenated blood can enter the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. Aorta is principal vessel. It can take oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle ¼Ã…’followed by the systemic circulation (NHLBI, nd). Methods Observations: The apparatus in the experiment included a fresh pig heart, container, a dissecting pan, forceps and a scalpel, as well as several pairs of gloves. Procedures of examining the external structure (Lane, 2010a) 1. A heart was washed and placed in a dissecting pan. a. The heart appeared sanguineous colour. Its size was a little larger than human fist. In the upper part, there were some substances appearing cream colour. 2. Using the forceps, part of the pericardium was removed. The pericardium membrane covering the heart was thin and hard to be removed. 3. The heart was turned so that the front or ventral side was facing the observers. Four chambers were located. c. In Figure 1, the half including the apex was the left side of the heart. A groove was on the front of the heart and divided the heart into two sides. The coronary artery can be found in the groove. The positions of four chambers, the aorta and the pulmonary artery were located. There were era-shaped extensions (labeled 1 2) on both sides. 4. The heart was turned over. Other main blood vessels, including the pulmonary veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava were located. d. As Figure 2 shows, pulmonary veins were inferior to the pulmonary artery. Two vessels joining together were located as the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Procedures of examining the internal anatomy (Lane, 2010a) 1. The heart was cut deep enough to go through the side of the pulmonary artery until the wall of the right ventricle. 2. Dried blood inside the chambers was rinsed out the heart. 3. The right atrium was located. 4. Other main structures in the right side, including the inferior vena cava, the superior vena cave and the tricuspid valve were located. a. As Figure 3 shows, the top of chamber was the right atrium. The tricuspid valve separated the right atrium and right ventricle. The muscle on the right side is located as septum. 5. The heart was cut continually from the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle. b. With a thicker wall, it was harder to cut on the side. 6. The heart was pushed open. Dried blood was rinsed out with water. 7. Main structures on the left side, including the bicuspid valve and the left ventricle were examined. 8. The heart was cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta and then cut to expose the valve. 9. The three flaps or leaflets on the tricuspid valve were counted and observed. C. The bicuspid valve was thick. The aortic valve was between the left ventricle and the aorta (see Figure 4). It had three flaps and a half-moon shape. Results: Figure 1 shows the external structure (anterior view) of the heart. Figure 2 shows the external structure (posterior view) of the heart. Figure 3 shows the internal structure of the right side in the heart. Figure 4 shows the internal structure of the left side in the heart. All these diagrams are attached at the end of this report. Some functions of the labeled structures are also noted on the right sides of those diagrams. Discussion: The heart in a dissecting pan can be imagined that the heart is in the body of a person facing the observers. The left side of the heart is on the right side of the dissecting. This makes the observers easier to be confused when examining the hearts structures. Those cream substances in the upper part of the heart can be deduced as fat around the muscle pump. The left side of the heart has more muscular and firmer than the right one. This provides the left side with enough energy to pump blood to the whole body. It is hard to identify the positions of the inferior and superior vena cava correctly. The superior vena cava returns blood to the right atrium from the upper part of tissues, while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower tissues (NHLBI, nd). Therefore, it is more reasonable that the inferior vena cava is below the superior vena cava instead of connecting to each other (As shown in Figure 2). In this experiment, the semi-lunar entering to the pulmonary veins has not been found. The ear-shaped extensions (labeled 12 in Figure 1) may not belong to the structure of the heart. But based on their positions, it is possible that they are the extensions of the right atrium and the left atrium. Conclusion: The heart is a pump muscle. It can pump oxygenated blood and carry nutrients to the tissues throughout the body. A pigs heart has four chambers, the left and right ventricle and the left and right atrium. A series of main vessels are responsible for the pulmonary and systemic systems, such as the aorta, the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins, as well as the inferior and superior vena cava. The vales between atria and ventricles act as barriers to prevent blood backflow. Each simple structure of the heart is contributed to providing blood for the survival of the tissues in the bodies.

Analysis of Kubricks A Clockwork Orange Essay -- Clockwork Orange E

Analysis of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange Stanley Kubrick's 1971 film production of the Anthony Burgess novel, A Clockwork Orange, is a truly unforgettable film.   It is narrated by one of the most vicious characters ever put on screen, Alex DeLarge.   The promotional poster for the film advertised it as "The adventures of a young man whose principle interests are rape, ultra-violence, and Beethoven" (Dirks 1).   Needless to say, music plays a very important role in A Clockwork Orange.   The expressive use of music in this film gives the viewer a look into the psyche of the vicious Alex, a psyche that equates violence with art.   By doing so, the film shows us the complexity and duality of the human mind through a character who loves both the most refined art and the most brutal violence. One way that the film's music expresses Alex's twisted view of the world and of himself is by stylizing violent scenes, making them seem like a ballet.   Alex, who loves Beethoven, gets a sort of inspiration to commit violent acts from classical music.   A prime example of this is the scene in which Alex and his "droogs" are walking in slow motion along the flatblock marina outside Alex's home.   While Rossini's "The Thieving Magpie" plays, Alex says, "For now it was lovely music that came to my aid."   The music inspires Alex to take action, and he knocks both Georgie and Dim into the water of the marina.   All the while, the violent actions are filmed in slow motion--an aspect of the film which, along with the sounds of Rossini, gives the impression of a ballet-like performance.   The action taking place in this scene seems as if it is synchronized with the music, like a finely choreographed dance.   As the music builds to a climax, the scene's ... ...orce the contradiction of Alex's character.   In turn the film becomes disturbing, yet somewhat comical.   The viewer is drawn to love Alex for his wit and humor and to hate him for his brutality.   By doing this, A Clockwork Orange shows us that we are all contradictions of ourselves to some degree, and that the complex human psyche can love high art and brutal violence at the same time.    Works Cited A Clockwork Orange. Dir. Stanley Kubrick. Warner Bros. 1971. Dirks, Tim. "A Clockwork Orange." 12 April 2001. 19pp. (http://www.filmsite.org/cloc. html). Kagan, Norman. The Cinema of Stanley Kubrick. New York: Holt, Rinehart and   Winston, 1972. LoBrutto, Vincent. "The Old Ultra-Violence." American Cinematographer. 80.10   (1999): 52-6+. Sobchack, Vivian. "Dà ©cor as Theme: A Clockwork Orange." Literature/Film Quarterly   9.2 (1981): 92-102.

My Personal Experience As The Victim Of An Injustice Essay

In my life I have been very fortunate that I have not been exposed to confrontational injustice. Nobody directly came to me and told me that I have for instance, not been chosen for a position because of my skin color, my age or any other characteristic of mine that makes me who I am. However, I do know that after 911 individuals, which look like people from the Middle East and or Middle Eastern names are being looked at very differently than before. Before 911 I was commonly referred to as the â€Å"prince of Persia† in my high school. After 911 I was even by good friends jokingly called a terrorist. Growing I have lived next to an airport and used to take my dog to walk around the Hamburg airport in Germany. We went for a walk at all times and I especially enjoyed going there after dusk because of all the airport lights. Lufthansa airlines has a major mechanical facility hanger on the airport. After time I developed a great passion for airplanes. I would read anything and everything about airplanes. I would make my father take me to any air show that would be within reasonable driving distance from us. I have had spent countless hours studying the mechanics of airplanes just so I could start a career as a Lufthansa mechanic. Once I graduated High School in Germany I applied for an internship with Lufthansa. After a while I received an invitation, for a networking event for all internship applicants. Before I arrived I could have not been more ecstatic about finally meeting individuals who were just as excited about airplanes as me. May they have been master mechanics or fellow a pplicants. After settling in I kept on having the feeling that people were staring at me. I didn’t know why but after a while I felt very uncomfortable being there and couldn’t figure out why until I overheard applicants making terrorist jokes about me. Once I brought it up to one Lufthansa employees, he told me that they shouldn’t have said exact those words but that they had made a great point. He went on  to explain to me that I would never stand a chance of becoming an air plane mechanic because I am Persian. 911 just happened but I would have never thought on my own that I would be connected in any way or form to 911. From that moment on I always became very aware of the way I look and what my heritage is. I strongly believe that injustice has been done to me on that day because I did change very much the path I have taken in my life and I stopped pursuing my dream. I don’t think that the offender has had experienced anything negative or will experience anything negative unless someone just suits him. Even though the recruiter may has not been racist and may just sincerely wanted to help me, he made me learn that I could be excluded from things because of things I do not have any type of control over like the color of my skin. I do have to say though that I have grown personally from that experience and do not let anybody stop me from doing anything just because somebody has a wrong opinion about life, like how people from Middle Eastern decent should not be employed by airlines working on their airplanes. I am fortunate enough that I have come to understand this now but while I was younger and just heard that person say that and somehow confirming what he said in blogs it affected me very much negatively. My personal experience as the offender of justice I think that the biggest injustice I have done in my life has been, to adopt a puppy. I adopted Dino when me and my wife first got married in Atlanta and I thought that we would live the rest of our life there. I also thought that I would be able to start my career in Atlanta within the finance industry. Unfortunately nothing worked out as I planned. While my wife and I continued to grow our love for Dino, I continued to search for a job. I finally decided that Atlanta’s job market had nothing to offer and that we had to move to Chicago. Our new landlord would not accept pets and therefore we had to give our baby (Dino) for adoption. My wife and I had many arguments over that decision. Finally, we did move to Chicago and gave Dino up for adoption. My wife has been very much upset about giving up Dino and to this day misses him. Therefore, I believe that I have done my wife a huge injustice by making her give up on Dino. Looking back we didn’t have to move and we didnâ⠂¬â„¢t have to move in to that apartment. We could have had looked longer and maybe even find a place that would have let us keep Dino but my  rush decision prohibited that, which I didn’t comprehend back then. I must say that I have learned from both instances and therefore become a more mature and patient person. I have learned that although I should still base my decisions on logic rather than emotion I should not totally leave out emotions either. It is rather ironic thinking back, that emotions rather than logic has been the reason why I stopped pursuing becoming a mechanic at Lufthansa.

Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids, Order Orthoptera

If youve walked through the grass on a warm summer day, youve likely encountered members of the order Orthoptera--the grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. Orthoptera means straight wings, but these insects would be better named for their characteristic jumping legs. Description Crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids undergo incomplete or gradual metamorphosis. Nymphs look similar to mature adults but lack fully-developed wings. Powerful hind legs, built for jumping, characterize the Orthopteran insects. The muscular legs propel grasshoppers and other members of the order for distances up to 20 times their body lengths. Insects in the order Orthoptera are known for more than their jumping skills, however. Many are accomplished singers as well. Males of some species attract mates by producing sounds with their legs or wings. This form of sound production is called stridulation and involves rubbing the upper and lower wings or the hind leg and wing together to create a vibration. When males call for mates using sounds, those species must also have ears. Dont look at the head to find them, however. Grasshoppers have auditory organs on the abdomen, while crickets and katydids listen using their front legs. Orthopterans are usually described as herbivores, but in truth, many species will scavenge other dead insects in addition to feeding on plants. The order Orthoptera is subdivided into two groups--Ensifera, the long-horned insects (with long antennae), and Caelifera, the short-horned insects. Habitat and Distribution Members of the order Orthoptera exist in terrestrial habitats throughout the world. Though often associated with fields and meadows, there are Orthopteran species that prefer caves, deserts, bogs, and seashores. Worldwide, scientists have described over 20,000 species in this group. Major Families in the Order Gryllidae - true or field cricketsAcrididae - short-horned grasshoppersTetrigidae - grouse locusts or pygmy grasshoppersGryllotalpidae - mole cricketsTettigoniidae - long-horned grasshoppers and katydids Orthopterans of Interest Oecanthus fultoni, the snowy tree cricket, chirps the temperature. Count the number of chirps in 15 seconds and add 40 to get the temperature in Fahrenheit.Ant crickets of the subfamily Myrmecophilidae live within ant nests and are wingless.Large lubber grasshoppers (family Romaleidae) raise their hindwings when threatened and produce a foul-smelling liquid from pores in the thorax.The Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex) are so named for a legend. In 1848, the first crops of Mormon settlers were threatened by a swarm of these voracious eaters, only to be eaten by a flock of gulls themselves. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, Eric R. Eaton, and Kenn KaufmanOrthoptera - Dept. of Entomology, North Carolina State University