Organisational Strategy and Decision Making Essay

Organisational Strategy and Decision Making - Essay Example This is the simplest definition of the term strategy. However in real life, the organization faces a lot of complexity to form & maintain a strategy. (Jeffs, 2008, pp. 13-14) A strategy addresses questions like- What’s the objective of the firm What are the resources of the firm Who are the competitors What strategy are they adopting What pros & cons did they face In which ways our product is separate from theirs Who are our target consumers How to reach them What’s the budget allocated for the promotion of the products The prices fixed are according to the market or not How to know the customer’s preference Through which channels we can promote our products Are we adapting an ethical approach Are we carrying out the Corporate Social Responsibility These questions are never ending. From the questions it’s clear that strategy can be formed to address any issue, be it the launch of a new product, be it a sales promotion effort or be it budget creation. Strat egies ultimately helps the organization in the decision making process. Introduction Strategy formulation depends on the management’s ability & organizations resources. These are the predictable issues which can be answered by forming brilliant strategies. But we should also keep a provision for the uncertainties of the environment. These uncertainties can destroy any good enterprise if the provision to face them is not properly & timely created. The objectives of a firm are the primary guideline for preparing the strategy. These objectives are clearly mentioned in the Vision & Mission Statement of the company. The Mission Statement is a written document where the ideas & thoughts of the company are communicated & the purpose of the firm is clearly defined to the internal & the external stakeholders. This statement helps the managers in the decision of resource allocation & investment. The Vision Statement is a kind of future planning document which states where the company w ants to reach in future. It deals with the questions like what are the company’s upcoming projects, what are their future plans, how are they going to achieve those plans etc. These statements are very useful in the strategy making decision of the firm. (Harrison & St. John, 2009, p 74) The anticipation of the future risks & benefits is termed as SWOT analysis in the language of management. It helps in getting knowledge about the past & thinking about probable solutions to an existing or potential problem. The method involves detailed study of the market, the company & competitors. The analysis includes two parts; the internal environment includes the strength & weaknesses of the company which is controllable by the company itself. The external environment consists of the threats & opportunities which are completely controlled by the outside sources like market & competitors. The product of our choice is British Airways. Company Background British Airways is the largest airli ne company based on sizes of the fleets and the second largest in passenger carriage. It is based near the main hub at London Heathrow Airport is the leading airline in the United Kingdom. Previously The British Airways Board was formed in the year 1971 and the task of the board was to control BOAC and BEA, the two nationalized airline corporations. In 1974, British Airways came into existence with the merger of two state-owned airlines, British

The Great Patriotic War, Cold War, WWII Alliances Essay Example for Free

The Great Patriotic War, Cold War, WWII Alliances Essay The Great Patriotic War: The great Patriotic War is a term used in Russia or previous parts of the Soviet Union when referring to a part of the Second World War. It had originally been used first under the French invasion led by Napoleon and when referring to the First World War, before it again was used. The name represented fighting for your homeland. The Great Patriotic War (GPW) were during the German Occupation of the USSR, which lasted from 22nd of June1941, until 9th of May 1945. The Soviet term only refers to the war between USSR and Nazi Germany and its European allies on the east front were Germany had approximately 200 divisions. It does not refer to the war on the Western fronts, the war in Japan, The Soviets attacks on Finland and Poland, The 1940 invasion of the Baltic states or the 1941 invasion of Iran. The occupation of Russia or  «Operation Barbarossa » is the biggest military operation ever completed, both in manpower and in casualties. It had been one of the main goals for Hitler since the start of the Nazi Party in the beginning of the 1920s. In 1932 Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact, but Hitler only saw this as a good tactical maneuver. During the Germans time in Soviet they wanted to put a stop to communism and at the same time get rid of everyone that were a threat toward German power in Eastern Europe. Soviet refused to collapse, even though the Nazis had expected a rapid fall. Germany kept trying to push over Soviet so it would collapse, but Soviet knew how to use the surrounding to their advantage. Breakdown of wartime alliance: By the end of the Second World War, there were three main victors, Britain, The United States and the Soviet Union. At the start of the Second World War, this, Big Three, had one united goal; to bring down Germany, as it was threatening both the Capitalist West and Communist East. However, even though all three leaders; Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin were allies in their goal, it does not mean that their relationship was a happy one, but they had to work together to defeat the Nazi Germany regime. After Germany was defeated, The Big Three met up on several occasions to deal with the aftermath of the war. At this time, their true motives came to be shown. Even during the war, there was already underlying tensions between the East and West countries, but they were forced to cooperate. As soon as their mutual enemy was defeated, tensions rose. The East and West had two completely different ideologies, which would present itself as a issue. The West supported Capitalism, based on free elections and the freedom of speech. In contrast, the East supported Communism. This comprised of a dictatorship, led by Joseph Stalin, lack of freedom of speech and essentially the government controlling peoples lives. There were mistrusts which ranged back to the 1918, that contribute to the breakdown of the Alliance. The West had felt that their values, freedom and Capitalism were being threatened by Russia. Stalin believed that is Communism was to be successful, and then a worldwide revolution would have to take place, meaning the collapse of Capitalism. Cold War: After World War II, Joseph Stalin saw the world as divided into two camps: imperialist and capitalist regimes on the one hand, and the Communist and progressive world on the other. In 1947, President Harry Truman also spoke of two diametrically opposed systems: one free, and the other bent on subjugating other nations. After Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev stated in 1956 that imperialism and capitalism could coexist without war because the Communist system had become stronger. In October 62 the Cold War came the closest to being a hot war. USSR put up land based missiles in Cuba, because the US had many times tried to stop the communistic revolution there. They were close enough to hit the US and are known as the Cuban missile crisis or the October crisis. This were their first treat of mutual destruction. Also the coup de etat in Czechoslovakia in 68 and the Soviet satellite states were a treat towards the US. The Cold War were all the time driven by the Arms Race between the two super powers. They fighted over who could make powerful weapon and have the biggest military the fastest. The US took the first lead when they developed the atom bomb. After keeping on it for over a decade the two states agreed upon a settlement stating how big military forces they each were maximum allowed to have. Also Chine were added into this agreement as they also became Communistic after the Second World War. There were two hot wars during the Cold War. The war in Korea and the war in Vietnam. They both had a few similarities; both a country were the state had been split in two. The Northern parts were communistic and the south were non-communistic. In both wars the north part of the state tried to invade the south to make them communistic with the help from Soviet and China. The US helped both south part of the states defend themselves, in Korea the defense were sucsessful and they are today two seperate states, wile as in Vietnam its still today one communistic nation.

Terrorism and Airport Security Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pa

Terrorism and Airport Security The morning of September 11 was like any other. The sun rose from the east, and the day was full of life. People went to work as they were accustomed to, and everybody seemed safe from harms way. In airports across America: planes were taking their passengers to their destinations in record times. People went through airport security as usual, walking through the metal detector and sending their bags through the x-ray machines. Security at the airport was normal. Bags were checked for guns and explosives as they had been doing for many years. This seemingly routine day turned out to be far from normal. A group of people that belonged to Al-Qaeda had different plans for the people of the United States. On September 11th the men of Al Qaeda, a terrorist group that has been the center of attention for some time now, hijacked 4 planes and used them as guided missiles to attack the people and government of America. These attacks were not against military targets or troops, they were aimed at the innocent civilians of everyday life. These cowardly attacks are the reason that the U.S. has devoted more time to national security, specifically airport security (September, 2004). Paul Thompson has compiled a complete timeline of the events that took place, before and after 9/11. Thompson continued, " The scrambling of fighter aircraft at the first sign of trouble is a routine phenomenon. During the year 2000, there where 425 'unknowns' pilots who didn't file or diverted [sic] from flight plans or used the wrong frequency." He went on to say that " such scrambles before 9/11 were about two or three times a week. After 9/11 they went up to three or four times a day" (Thompson, 2002). Paul Bracken,... ...hannel_hsd_story.jsp?id=news/com03244.xml Terrorism. (2004, March 16) Wikipedia. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism Tyson, J. (2004, February 2). How Airport Security Works. How stuff works. Retrieved March 20, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airport-security1.htm style='font-family:Geneva'>Thompson, P. (2002 October 29). Complete 911 Timeline. Center For Corporative Research. Retrieved March 21, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_911_timeline&timeperiod=0:10am-11:50pm%2011%20Sept%202001 < style='font-family:Geneva'>United States Department of Homeland Security. (2004, March 16) Wikipedia. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Securitypan>

Admission essay for a postgraduate in fashion marketing

As soon as I completed my undergraduate course, I realized that my future career would be in fashion, even though my education was in tourism management.Today, looking back at a extensive experience I accumulated in the field, I feel that time has come for me to improve my educational background so that my theoretical knowledge matched my practical skills. I am confident that gaining a postgraduate education in Fashion Marketing will open my eyes to new exciting opportunities for my business.My path in the fashion industry began right after graduation when I went to Italy to study art history and photography. I took up a franchise in my own country, an endeavour that started out as a hobby, as a tribute to my long-term love of fashion and design, but soon it turned into my vocation. My flair for good design, a good understanding of the industry, and a passionate love for what I was doing helped me open two stores of my own within a short time. Our company holds the Franchise Havaiana s Brazilians sandals in Ecuador, represented by 60 points of sale all over the country.In the process of strenuous work directed at business growth, I realized that I also wanted to leverage my entrepreneurship skills and abilities to improve the life of our community. With this purpose in mind, I joined the ranks of the local Chamber of Commerce.At the time, this is the job that enables me to make a difference in the life of people around me through initiating a host of projects and meeting with other businessmen in an effort to make conditions for business improve in the area. After two years of my engagement in the chamber, I can look back at a number of successful projects including training courses, seminars, and effort to improve the process of cloth imports in Ecuador.My entrepreneurial experience, the fact that I own two companies at the age of 22, and my participation in the Chamber of Commerce gave one popular Ecuadorian magazine grounds to nominate me for the â€Å"Woman of the Year† award. Although I did not win this highly competitive award, I did enjoy giving interviews and teaching other women how to run their own business.Now that I have ascertained that fashion business can become the cause of my life, I am eager to complement my practical experience with theoretical foundations. Since my first degree is in Tourism Management, I believe that my professional knowledge will be seriously augmented by courses specifically related to fashion and marketing in particular. Knowing how to best market fashion products to diverse target groups, I will be able to make a greater contribution to the fashion industry and grow my business at an accelerated rate.The reason for my choice of the program was its excellent reputation in professional circles. Another important factor was the London location. Enjoying London life, I would be thrilled to study in a city where fashion is part of popular culture and the very atmosphere is saturated with new idea s.This degree will advance my goal of representing a variety of fashion brands and starting my own brand at some point in the future. I plan to follow my educational philosophy in all courses I am about to take, pursuing two goals: share the knowledge and experience I have acquired during my work as entrepreneur and integrate practice with theory.I know I have the potential and enough background to put to use the knowledge acquired in the fashion industry. After participating in so many fashion weeks, I know a lot of brands and their personnel, so that my solid reputation in the business world can allow me to receive propositions from other companies to represent them in Ecuador.One thing I know about making such partnerships a success is that I have to be in love with the brand and have a strong belief in its future. Another is that I have to improve my education in the area to substantiate my experience with a solid theoretical background. To this point, I could always make my dre ams come true. I am confident that enrolment in the program can help me realize my ambitious plans for the future.

Morality and Sister Essay

Apr 27, 2009 – It is a ve ry moving story and when I read the book I cried my eyes out. If you have not yet read the book, do yourself a favor and do so. Some issues I †¦ What is the major bioethical issue in my sisters keeper †¦4 answers19 Apr 2012 Parents: Who else has seen the movie â€Å"my sisters keeper †¦3 answers19 Sep 2011 My Sister’s Keeper! Moral Issues? – Yahoo Answers3 answers17 Aug 2011 What was a social issue , in the movie â€Å"My Sister †¦2 answers29 Mar 2011 More results from answers.yahoo.com CNS Movie Review: My Sister’s Keeper www.catholicnews.com/data/movies/09mv069.htm‎ NEW YORK (CNS) — The moral issues of â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† (New Line) are laid out for us even before the opening credits have finished rolling. Narrator †¦ My Sister’s Keeper (Review of the Film, a tothesource article †¦ ecclesiaofwomen.ning.com/forum/topics/my-sisters-keeper-review-of‎ Jul 9, 2009 – The film â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† depicts the confusion and suffering that †¦ The Island, My Sister’s Keeper takes on a real-life issue commonly known as â€Å"savior sibling. †¦ Technology, apart from any ethical or moral compass, has †¦ Ethical Issues On My Sister s Keeper Movie Free Essays 1 – 20 www.sparknotes.com †º †¦ †º Literature Study Guides †º My Sister’s Keeper‎ In 2004, Picoult published My Sister’s Keeper. Like most of her works, the novel takes on a range of morally complex issues, from the ethics of genetic †¦ My Sister’s Keeper Health, Social, Ethical and Moral Issues.

Free Essays on The Crucible John Procter

he believes that the cannot be his true self when he has to abide by lies and not by his morals. He thinks there is to much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of moral dilemmas involving not only his own fate but that of his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community. â€Å"John Proctor is the individual who must decide weather or not he will ass... Free Essays on The Crucible John Procter Free Essays on The Crucible John Procter John Proctor: â€Å"God in heaven, what is John Proctor, what is John Proctor†. John is a man of strong moral beliefs, concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He cares of nothing for the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John trys to avoid any involvement in the Salem witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams. Following these events he trys to save everyone’s lives by admitting to this horrible offense adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing away his name and his soul to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. â€Å"John Proctors dec ision to die is reasonable and believable†. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate supervisor, which says â€Å" there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.† â€Å"The church in theocratic Salem is identical with the state and the community and will surely crumble if unquestioning obedience falters in the least.† Proctor, on the other hand, â€Å"has come to regard his self as a king of fraud,† as long as he remains obedient to an authority which he cannot respect. In other words he believes that the cannot be his true self when he has to abide by lies and not by his morals. He thinks there is to much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of moral dilemmas involving not only his own fate but that of his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community. â€Å"John Proctor is the individual who must deci de weather or not he will ass...

A Critique of an Academic Journal by Luis Garay and Xavier Font

A Critique of an Academic Journal by Luis Garay and Xavier Font Introduction This paper provides a critical analysis of the article: â€Å"Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises†. The article is authored by Luis Garay and Xavier Font. The author’s arguments are based on a comparison of corporate social responsibility with corporate financial performance.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on A Critique of an Academic Journal by Luis Garay and Xavier Font specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The topic is lengthy and broad. Therefore, the author has not specified the role of small and medium enterprises in sustainable hospitality management. The article begins with a review of corporate responsibility and corporate financial performance. This article further presents the analyses of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance1. A critical evaluation of the author’s argument(s), assumptions made by the author, and the main implications The main argument of the author is that corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance affect hospitality management. The greatest challenge to the argument is that misguided assumptions are made, which can be misleading to the reader. The article places corporate social responsibility at a static position instead of appreciating the influential dynamism towards hospitality. The author has discussed the topic by exploring several assumptions about the hospitality environment instead of presenting evidence-based research concerning the topic2. The authors review the literature about corporate financial responsibility and corporate social responsibility. The literature review is analyzed before the authors provide an introduction to the meaning of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial responsibility. There is a need to provide in-d epth analyses of how the two sectors are likely to be affected by a large percentage of recorded accommodation rates3. From the outset, the reader is caught at a crossroad whereby he/she cannot understand the goals of the authors. The goals tend to be hidden from the reader and the reader must search the goals of the article because they are scattered. The authors present an analytical evidence-based analyses but this has been done at a broad scope. Similarly, the authors present the main theories for the tourism sector to engage in corporate social sustainable and corporate financial performance.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article presents the methodology, and it is evident that qualitative research has been applied. The authors ought to have considered using the qualitative and quantitative methods of research to present reliable results4. The purpose of the article is to show how the constant change and the dynamic nature of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance have affected the accommodation and the tourism sector. However, the authors have emphasized on applying the wrong approach in achieving the purpose of the article. The authors have adopted a fixed approach instead of using the principles approach. The validity of the different scenarios that have been applied using the fixed approach cannot be fully relied upon to achieve the end purpose. The fixed approach method is grounded on the gradual approach of responsibility of various institutions. However, this has been done with the outlook on the main role and the influences on the key stakeholders in the industry. The fixed approach has various weaknesses because it does not prioritize the actions and the direct consequences of corporate responsibility and its role in the tourism sector. The data gathered through this approach is tain ted with positive, negative and neutral results5. A critical evaluation of the accuracy and relevance of evidence that is utilized in the article The article relies on secondary evidence. The evidence is gathered through the qualitative research method. The article has supported the topic with academic data but the method used leaves a lot to be desired. The authors should have combined the qualitative and quantitative research methods. It is well known that a well researched article is based on varied information6. Articles aimed at researching the relationship of two strong variables, the evidence in the research should be reliable. The evidence in the article presents good management approach, whereby the authors argue that the corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance produce reliable results if they are well managed. The article seeks to answer the question why and how the relationship between the corporate sustainable responsibility and corporate fina nce performance affect small and medium accommodation enterprises. The authors should have used the principles approach because it focuses on the impacts of the relationship between the above mentioned factors and how the impacts affect the tourism industry7.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on A Critique of an Academic Journal by Luis Garay and Xavier Font specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors have used the stakeholder approach, whereby they presented the impact of the interaction of the tourism industry on the corporate sustainable responsibility and how the relationship stretches from economic level to legal level. The stakeholder interaction and the capabilities presented are innovation and higher integration, which has assisted in transforming the tourism and management industry. The article presents the main objective to show how business engagement assists in achieving competitive advantage. The main weakness of the article is realized by the failure to mention other factors which enhance competitiveness as far as sustainable practices is hospitality and tourism management is concerned. The article fails to bring the desired link between competitive advantages and its application in the tourism business8. The presentation of the evidence to support the authors’ arguments is well cited but limited. The author appreciates the scarcity of the literature that relate to the topic of tourism corporate social responsibility. The literature available, which has been reviewed on the contribution of corporate responsibility in explaining the tourism behavior, takes a broad stand. The narrowing down of the arguments provides doubtful literature, which cannot be relied on. The literature presented provides the reader a chance to doubt because a reliable article is based on stable evidence which can persuade9.On the other hand, the corporate sustainable responsibility literature is limited to the environmental practices which have positive impacts on tourism management10. A critical evaluation of clarity, rigor, and other aspects of the article The article has achieved the underlying principles surrounding clarity. The article is not only unclear but it also carries broad overview of main aspects under investigation. The convincing power of the article is mainly eroded with main assurances on the capacity to cover the topic, and this causes the article to be elusive. The fact that the corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance are overlapping in the discussion, makes it hard to identify the relationship with small and medium accommodative purposes. The article states the importance of responsibility practices but additional information to show how and why is a major weakness of the article is lacking.11Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The article presents the salient arguments and the assumptions in identifying the importance of corporate social responsibility and corporate finance management in the tourism industry. The implications of the assumptions in the article have been evaluated. The critical evaluation of the evidence used is also considered. The assessment of how clear and convincing the article is has been discussed. The conclusion is to the effect that the main objective of the article is not reached due to the use of broad topic and lack of narrowing down to a specific aspect. Bibliography Garaya, L, Font, X., ‘Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 30, 2011, pp.1–9. Holcomb, J, Upchurch, R Okumus, F, ‘Corporate social responsibility: what are top hotel companies reporting?’ International Journal of Contempor ary Hospitality Management, vol. 19, 2007, pp.461–475. Kang, K, Lee, S Huh, C, ‘Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry’. International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 29, 2010, pp.72–82. Kasim, A, ‘Managerial attitudes towards environmental management among small and medium hotels in Kuala Lumpur’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism vol. 17, 2009, pp.709–725. Kasim, A, ‘Towards a wider adoption of environmental responsibility in the hotel sector’, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism, vol. 8, 2007, pp. 25–49. Footnotes 1  L Garaya X Font, ‘Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 30, 2011, pp.1–9. 2 A Kasim, ‘Managerial attitudes towards enviro nmental management among small and medium hotels in Kuala Lumpur’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol.17, 2009, pp.709–725. 3 JLHolcomb, RS Upchurch, F Okumus, ‘Corporate social responsibility: what are top hotel companies reporting?’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol.19, 2007, pp.461–475. 4 K Kang, S Lee, C Huh, ‘Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 29, 2010, pp.72–82. 5 A Kasim, ‘Towards a wider adoption of environmental responsibility in the hotel sector’, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism vol. 8, 2007, pp. 25–49. 6 K Kang, S Lee, C Huh, ‘Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry†, International Journal of Hospitality Man agement, vol. 29, 2010, pp.72–82. 7 A Kasim, ‘Managerial attitudes towards environmental management among small and medium hotels in Kuala Lumpur’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 17, 2009, pp. 709–725. 8 L Garaya, X Font, ‘Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 30, 2011, pp.1–9. 9 JL Holcomb, RS Upchurch, F Okumus, ‘Corporate social responsibility: what are top hotel companies reporting?’ International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 19, 2007, pp.461–475. 10 Kasim, A., â€Å"Towards a wider adoption of environmental responsibility in the hotel sector†, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism 8, 2007, 25–49. 11 K Kang, S Lee, C Huh, ‘Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on compa ny performance in the hospitality industry’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 29, 2010, pp.72–82.

Lesson Plans for Civil Debates and Discussion

Lesson Plans for Civil Debates and Discussion This lesson plan is based on the idea that having students support opinions that are not necessarily their own during debates can help improve students fluency. In this manner, students pragmatically focus on correct production skills in conversation rather than striving to win the argument. For more information on this approach please see the following feature: Teaching Conversational Skills: Tips and Strategies Of course, once students have become confident in their production skills, the can obviously argue the point they truly believe in. Aim: Improve conversational skills when supporting a point of view Activity: Debate concerning the current and future impact of the Internet on daily life Level: Upper-intermediate to advanced Outline: Review language used when expressing opinions, disagreeing, making comments on other persons point of view, etc. (See worksheet)Ask students to consider the following statement:The Internet has forever changed the way we live. Its importance will continue to grow. By the year 2010, most of the world will be conducting its business, receiving its media (TV, films, music), and staying in touch solely via the Internet.Based on students responses, divide groups up into two groups. Important: Make sure that groups are put into the group with the opposite opinion of what they seemed to believe in the warm-up conversation.Give students worksheets including ideas pro and con. Have students develop arguments using the ideas on the worksheet as a springboard for further ideas and discussion.Once students have prepared their opening arguments, begin with the debate. Each team has 5 minutes to present their principal ideas.Have students prepare notes and make a rebuttal to the expressed opinions . While the debate is in progress, take notes on common errors made by the students.At the end of the debate, take time for a short focus on common mistakes. This is important, as students should not be too involved emotionally and therefore will be quite capable of recognizing language problems - as opposed to problems in beliefs! Internet Craze What do you think about the following statement? The Internet has forever changed the way we live. Its importance will continue to grow. By the year 2010, most of the world will be conducting its business, receiving its media (TV, films, music), and staying in touch solely via the Internet. Use the clues and ideas below to help you create an argument for your appointed point of view with your team members. Below you will find phrases and language helpful in expressing opinions, offering explanations and disagreeing. Opinions, Preferences: I think..., In my opinion..., Id like to..., Id rather..., Id prefer..., The way I see it..., As far as Im concerned..., If it were up to me..., I suppose..., I suspect that..., Im pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., Im convinced that..., I honestly feel that, I strongly believe that..., Without a doubt,..., Disagreeing: I dont think that..., Dont you think it would be better..., I dont agree, Id prefer..., Shouldnt we consider..., But what about..., Im afraid I dont agree..., Frankly, I doubt if..., Lets face it, The truth of the matter is..., The problem with your point of view is that... Giving Reasons and offering explanations: To start with, The reason why..., Thats why..., For this reason..., Thats the reason why..., Many people think...., Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that... The Internet Will Change Our Lives In Every Aspect The use of the Internet around the world is doubling every few months.The Internet has already changed with way we communicate.Business has invested billions on the Internet.The Internet is becoming faster all the time, you can already watch a video or listen to Mp3s via the Internet.Many people now live at home and work via the Internet.The Internet has created unlimited new business opportunitiesMost people use email instead of writing letters to keep in touch with their friends.The Internet is still very young. The Internet Is Just A New Form Of Communication, But Will Not Change Everything In Our Lives The Internet, while interesting, is just a fad.People want to go out and meet other people when they do their shopping.It is too difficult to use the Internet and computers, most people do not have the patience.Reading on a computer screen is uncomfortable and people will never stop wanting to read, listen to music and be entertained in traditional ways.The Internet creates cultural homogenization - some would say Americanization, and eventually people will get tired of this.The only real interaction between people must take place face to face on not virtually.The Internet is mainly used by teenagers and other people who have lots of time to waste.The new economy of the Internet produces nothing - people can not buy a smoke.

Arab-Israeli Peace Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arab-Israeli Peace Process - Essay Example Its goal was to destroy PLO bases there and to end the attacks across its borders. Meeting little resistance, Israeli commanders pushed northward. They reached the outskirts of Beirut within a week. Fighting with Syrian forces erupted as well; nearly 80 Syrian MiGs and 19 missile batteries in the Bekaa Valley were destroyed without the loss of a single Israeli plane. By the end of June, Israel had captured most of southern Lebanon and besieged PLO and Syrian forces in West Beirut. The siege ended through U.S. mediation in August. Israel agreed to leave Beirut provided Syrian and PLO forces also withdrew. A multinational force from the United States and Western Europe supervised the Syrian and PLO evacuation. On September 15, after the assassination of Lebanese president-elect Bashir Gemayel, Israel reoccupied Beirut. It then authorized Gemayels Phalangist militia to "cleanse" Palestinian refugee camps of any remaining PLO fighters. The Phalange massacred hundreds of Palestinians. The massacre sparked antiwar protests in Israel. (Ovendale, p. 243) Israel signed an agreement with Lebanon ending the state of war in May 1983. Under Syrian pressure, Lebanon renounced the pact in March 1984. Public pressures in Israel led to the withdrawal of Israeli troops by June 1994; Israel left some 1,000 "security personnel" behind to assist its Lebanese allies. Although Israels borders remained secure, its internal stability was threatened by ongoing demands for Palestinian self-determination and by an intifada (uprising) in the occupied territories launched in December 1987. Israel and the PLO signed a series of agreements on Palestinian self-rule beginning in 1993. These led to the turnover of much of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestinian control. Israel and Jordan formally ended their state of war in 1994. Peace talks between Israel and Syria resumed in December 1999. But they soon broke down. On a more

Political Economy of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Economy of Communication - Essay Example The challenges developed when other parties to IMC started posting articles in major newswires on a regular basis. IMC challenges the mainstream media by allowing unedited commentary on major newswires. Other publishers claim free speech while posting unrestricted and uncensored content to such platforms. In lieu of this, IMC offers alternative media contribution to ordinary people translating to such challenges. The newswires use professional codes of conduct to approve professional journalist. The measures recommend a journalist perspective on sociopolitical issues. Indymedia supports user-generated material that assumes a bias sided opinion. The repercussion of such actions is unregulated content that criticizes the newswires. The approach illustrates a deviation in media professionalism (Lec 10 Indymedia). The network operates on a structure that uses alternative media tailored by non-professionals. The approach to participatory tradition encourages the inexperienced individuals to engage in the production of mainstream content. Mainstream media operates mainly on the perception on officialdom viewpoints. Slow media structure assumes an independent perspective target to represent private ownership. The contrast develops where mainstream media bows down to major concerns raised by the owners of regulated content. The challenges presented by slow media focuses to expose any form of indecency regulated by mainstream media. Additionally, the challenges posed develop as the mainstream media are constitutes of the major conglomerates in the world. In lieu of this, reporting against these institutions is destructive to the mainstream media. Alternative media extends the operating fields to cover issues that affect such conglomerates without fear of disapproval or termination of any binding contract (Lec 10 Indymedia). The argument on such matters is that mainstream

Biomedical scences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Biomedical scences - Essay Example D is inherited as the Mendelian dominant trait while d is inherited as the recessive trait. The RBCs which bear the D and Dd isotypes are referred to as Rh+ individuals and persons having the d isotype are referred to as Rh- individuals. Almost all of the Rh+ people have the D isotype and similarly the Rh- individuals have the d isotype. When the Rh+ blood is transfused to an Rh- person then anti-Rh factor will develop in the patient’s blood within 12 days. If there is a second transfusion of the same blood (Rh+ blood) to that person then cross reaction with Rh factor and anti-Rh factor will cause agglutination reactions leading to hemolytic diseases of adults and newborn. If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive (the RBC contains Rhesus antigen inherited from a rhesus positive father), then antibodies will be formed against the rhesus antigen (in the fetus) and will cross the placenta and enter the mother’s blood. In the first pregnancy there w ill be no issues but during the second pregnancy these antibodies will cross the placenta and cross react with the Rhesus antigens of the fetus carried during the second pregnancy and cause agglutination reactions. This will cause erythroblastosis fetalis leading to hemolytic anemia and sometimes deposition of unconjugated bilirubin (derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin from the lysis of RBC’s) in the basal ganglia leading to neural deficits (Chatterjee, 2004). 2. All the six Rh agglutinogens namely the C, c, D, d, E and e are involved in the hemolytic reactions and are of the delayed type. Although routine blood group tests has eliminated the risk of compatibility of RhD isotype but the other isotypes may lead to sensitization in cases of diseases like sickle cell anemia. This disease is prevalent in blacks who express the E antigen and hence produce the anti-E agglutinins which lead to difficulties of donor selection in them for transfusion purposes as in sickle

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering Essay

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering - Essay Example The concept is applied with reference to engineering and computer science principles and practices, when exploring the development, operability and the maintenance of software systems. This paper will explore the aspects that differentiate software from other fields of engineering like mechanical and electrical engineering. The paper will also discuss the specific characteristics of the ‘software’ product, which differentiate the field from other engineering domains. The differences between software engineering and other traditional engineering disciplines The field of software engineering, unlike other traditional fields of engineering, can be traced to the growth in the field of computing and information technology. The growth in the field of computing and information technology has prompted the tremendous growth of the field of software engineering (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). On the other hand, other fields of engineering can be traced to the development a nd the growth of respective fields of study and practice, and not necessarily the field of computing and information technology (Sommerville, 2008). ... erent from traditional engineering disciplines, in that many of the other fields of engineering – including civil, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering – can be traced to the discrete application of mathematical basements. On the other hand, software engineering can be traced to the application of technical computer and mathematical science principles, which resulted from the need of maintaining and improving software systems (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). This difference shows that the field depends, mainly, on the principles of discrete mathematics, particularly that related to logic (Jones, 1995). Software engineering is different from traditional engineering fields, in that many of the engineers practicing these other fields construct real artifacts, but software engineers construct virtual/ abstract artifacts. This points out that the products developed by software engineers may not be subjected to the evaluation and the testing which is releva nt to those produced by the engineering practicing in the traditional fields. Additionally, traditional engineering fields are mature fields incorporating continuous mathematics and physical sciences, but software engineering is more immature, and reliant on discrete mathematics and computer sciences (Herbsleb and Goldenson, 1996). In traditional engineering, there are two major concerns about the products produced, including the costs of production and the reliability of the product, which is a function of time and failure (Jalote, 2005). On the other hand, in software engineering, the main concerns related to the products developed include the costs of development and the reliability of the virtual product, which is a function of the number of errors noted for every thousand lines of the source

SIM335 Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SIM335 Managing Projects - Essay Example The direct relationship between the activities was found where ‘Finish to Start’ approach was adopted as per the requirements mentioned before the diagram was to be designed. Determining the total float on the other end means the total amount of time for which the task can be delayed and which does not negatively affect the project whatsoever the conditions are. The formula for the total float is given as follows: Total Float = Late Start – Early Start This means that subtracting the time of the activity which was recorded in case of the early start as well as the late start will provide us the total float that can be recorded in the activities undergoing, but that will not affect the process in negative way. Question 3: The duration of the project as well as the critical path are related to each other in an important sense, i.e. the shortest duration of time that is needed to finish all activities in a task to enhance the efficiency scale. According to the networ k diagram given above, the shortest duration of the project will be 72 days, and therefore that will be defining the critical path. The critical path of the diagram will not be an easy task as the whole task is based on the ES and EF basis except two points, i.e. end of activity 2 and end of activity 8. The critical path will follow the track from A > F > G > H > I > K > L > M > N > O > P > Q. Question 4: The critical path shows it will take 72 days for the task to complete, and that is shortest possible time in which a process can complete. Now if the project will start on 16th January, 2012, on Monday, then it will take 14 weeks and 2 days in the completion of the project. Calculating weeks from the starting date, the project must end on the second day, i.e. Tuesday of the 15th week after the project has started on 16th January. The second day of 15th week becomes Tuesday 1st May, 2012. This will be the earliest date when the project will be completed. Question 5: If activity B de lays for 2 days then that will not make any change in to the final duration of the project, as activity B and F are going on the same time period, rather activity F is going on for 4 more days than the activity B and also activity F is included in the critical path and therefore there will not be any effect on the duration of the project. The delay of 2 days in activity P will straightaway affect the whole duration of the project because it is directly dependent as well as independent activity and any change in duration of this activity will change the duration of the whole project. Therefore, this will result in the delay of 2 days in the duration of project and now it will take total 74 days to complete the project, and it will now finish on Thursday 3 May, 2012. The delay in activity O of 1 day will also follow the same case as was happened in activity P case, but with 1 day delay in the project completion. Therefore the project will now be over on 2nd May, 2012 on Wednesday. Que stion 6: The main limitations in the network diagram are as follows: The toolbar cannot help the elements to be created through the use of dragging and dropping. It is not possible to transfer the elements to the work management view from the

Enterprise Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Enterprise Architecture - Essay Example The article provides a brief overview of the TOGAF framework, in simple and comprehensive terms. The author offers an architecture development methodology, based on TOGAF and comprising four steps: tailoring TOGAF to suit enterprise needs; defining the scope of work; overseeing development; and managing post-implementation aspects. Banerjee claims that the TOGAF architecture is not the ultimate solution but merely a starting point in the development of effective enterprise solutions. The article can be extremely useful in the study of various enterprise architecture frameworks. In this article, the TOGAF framework is the central object of analysis. The researchers assert that the main rules and principles of rule-driven systems are too old to be effective. Nonetheless, they have the potential to provide better insight into the rational structure of enterprise architecture frameworks. Bommel et al (2006) use the rules of the TOGAF network to analyze two examples and conclude that, eve n if certain formulations lead to redundancy, they should not be discarded, not to distort the EA picture. Designing enterprise architecture models is not an easy task. Compatibility of various frameworks presents another issue. In this article, the authors discuss and evaluate the TOGAF architecture framework and its relation to architecture development method. The results show how TOGAF can complement EA management and provide the basis for resolving EA related concerns. Carraro and Chong provide a detailed description of the Software as a Service model of enterprise architecture. The benefits and considerations for embracing SaaS are discussed. The article sheds light on how SaaS affects information technologies and how to become a SaaS provider. The article is an excellent source of information about SaaS and become the starting point in the analysis of SaaS applications and frameworks.

SIM335 Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SIM335 Managing Projects - Essay Example The direct relationship between the activities was found where ‘Finish to Start’ approach was adopted as per the requirements mentioned before the diagram was to be designed. Determining the total float on the other end means the total amount of time for which the task can be delayed and which does not negatively affect the project whatsoever the conditions are. The formula for the total float is given as follows: Total Float = Late Start – Early Start This means that subtracting the time of the activity which was recorded in case of the early start as well as the late start will provide us the total float that can be recorded in the activities undergoing, but that will not affect the process in negative way. Question 3: The duration of the project as well as the critical path are related to each other in an important sense, i.e. the shortest duration of time that is needed to finish all activities in a task to enhance the efficiency scale. According to the networ k diagram given above, the shortest duration of the project will be 72 days, and therefore that will be defining the critical path. The critical path of the diagram will not be an easy task as the whole task is based on the ES and EF basis except two points, i.e. end of activity 2 and end of activity 8. The critical path will follow the track from A > F > G > H > I > K > L > M > N > O > P > Q. Question 4: The critical path shows it will take 72 days for the task to complete, and that is shortest possible time in which a process can complete. Now if the project will start on 16th January, 2012, on Monday, then it will take 14 weeks and 2 days in the completion of the project. Calculating weeks from the starting date, the project must end on the second day, i.e. Tuesday of the 15th week after the project has started on 16th January. The second day of 15th week becomes Tuesday 1st May, 2012. This will be the earliest date when the project will be completed. Question 5: If activity B de lays for 2 days then that will not make any change in to the final duration of the project, as activity B and F are going on the same time period, rather activity F is going on for 4 more days than the activity B and also activity F is included in the critical path and therefore there will not be any effect on the duration of the project. The delay of 2 days in activity P will straightaway affect the whole duration of the project because it is directly dependent as well as independent activity and any change in duration of this activity will change the duration of the whole project. Therefore, this will result in the delay of 2 days in the duration of project and now it will take total 74 days to complete the project, and it will now finish on Thursday 3 May, 2012. The delay in activity O of 1 day will also follow the same case as was happened in activity P case, but with 1 day delay in the project completion. Therefore the project will now be over on 2nd May, 2012 on Wednesday. Que stion 6: The main limitations in the network diagram are as follows: The toolbar cannot help the elements to be created through the use of dragging and dropping. It is not possible to transfer the elements to the work management view from the

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Assignment Example This essay discusses that entrepreneurial strategies are bound by very idiosyncratic environment, imposingenvironment imposing certain basic limitations on their strategy designs. The strategies of entrepreneurial marketing are the same as those in the conventional marketing. The entrepreneurial organizations are resource constrained organizations because they do not approach the mass media to launch their products or campaigns. They have limited financial, human and technical resources. But they do have creativity and time which they use as resources to accomplish their management and marketing goals. The meaning and significance of the barriers to growth of entrepreneurial business are highlighted by the fact that entrepreneurial business is mostly surrounded by lack of monetary and, financial and technical and man power resources in the initial and early stages of its development. Despite these facts entrepreneurs are surrounded by barriers that limit their growth and financial st ability. From the foregoing discussion and analysis, the researcher can conclude that entrepreneurial firms are surrounded by certain growth barriers peculiar to their stage of business development. These barriers are mostly related to manpower, material, technical and eventually financial in nature. These barriers hinder and impede the growth and expansion of entrepreneurial business and if an entrepreneur sets in motion a process of 4 Is as described, he can overcome the practical side of these barriers in most cases.

Families in a Global Context Essay Example for Free

Families in a Global Context Essay In the context of the twenty-first century, the entire world is going through changes in almost every walk of life. There has been a fast development in the domains of education and technological advances especially with the arrival of inventions like computer, the Internet, and other communication devices based on extensive space exploration. Global trends are being referred to the world’s next culture, a state of life in which the entire world seems to share common values, ethics in all genres of life, and so forth. At large, new ideologies are emerging and old ones are being retried. This is impacting the structure of global life on the whole and countries both technologically advanced and developing (or not so technologically advanced) are facing new challenges to cope up with the emerging trends and ideologies. One such challenge present to the whole world is the changing family life and structure which is apparently noticeable in the developed as well as the developing countries of the world. This challenge is mainly credited to the wave of globalization. The present paper, henceforth, looks into this issue. It examines family structure in a technologically advanced country (i. e. , the United States of America for our case) and in a developing country (India in this instance), and then attempts to arrive at solid conclusions as in what ways the thrashing wave of globalization is impacting family life and/or structure of these countries. 1- Challenges Confronted by Indian Families India is one country in the world which is unique for its multiculturalism and expansion. The view of globalization by people from India, especially the Hindus, is that of is multi-faceted, that is to say, they see a number of implications from this emerging trend. The basic view of the Indian way of life is that of pluralism, cultural enrichment, and religious unity. As such these trends have long been rooted in the family structure of India. However, the trend of globalization has given different outlook to Indian families. They face a lot of challenges. The major trends in Indian lifestyles like spirituality and other religious matters are being shattered by the trend of globalization. The peaceful view of Indian people that they hold about other religions has been misused. As such, the tolerance of Indian people has caused a lot of shaking in the context of the twenty-first century. Their culture and traditions are being threatened by globalization, something that Indian people have yet to realize and stand to fight it. For example, with the advent of global business multinational companies, the entire nation is at risk because by global business, the essence of spirituality is at stakes since business has brought up the wave of materialism. Moreover, commercialism is changing human value system in Indian culture mainly because of popular culture (â€Å"junk food like coca cola, movies saturated with sex and violence, and an adulation of athletes and movie stars as the most desirable human types†). All this, in collective way, affecting the family structure of Indian life. Although there are a number of TV channels, the Indian people have yet to realize the actual stand for media and communication which tells of their simplicity and unwillingness to sense danger which is threatening their centuries-old cultural and customary lifestyle: â€Å"There has been little organized Hindu response to globalization†. Although social efforts to guard Indian lifestyle have been initiated (for example, the Swadhyaya movement), it will not incorrect to say that it is not enough on the face of the giant of globalization by the Indians are still not using media efficiently (Internet is the exception here) which simply gives rise to exotic channels, the culture propagated in these channels bringing to Indian life and family structure newer threats each day. (Frawley, p. 20, 2001) If we look at the demographics related to Indian family structure and growth, we will fairly see difference between the two times: the recent time when globalization has taken place in India; the time in the past when this trend was not present. According Niranjan et al. (2005), from 1961 to 1999, the average family size in India has dropped by 5. 4 percent. According to the authors, this is 1. 4 percent higher than the family size decline in China which straightforwardly suggests that Indian family structure is moving toward the trend of nuclear family structure, a by-product of globalization. Research by Niranjan et al. (2005) suggests some important key factors that were significantly present while keeping the family structure along with past traditions. Major predictors that have been found for joint family are ownership of land and economic status. Such families stay joint in contrast to those who don’t have ownership of land and higher economic status. Globalization, as such, has played a significant role in bringing means by which people can gain material comfort and thus tend to live in nuclear families. See in this way, it becomes clear that Indian family structure is facing great challenges on the verge of globalization. As globalization seems to bring in exotic trends and practices, both social and economical, Indian family structure is going through a change: something that is the essence of western lifestyle. Families in the United States of America According to Olsen (2007) states that though the Unites State of America has often been regarded as rudimentary, it is basically the â€Å"quintessential liberal ‘social safety net’ providing a relatively restricted range of social protections and services, meager income benefits, and few programs as a right of citizenship or residence† (p. 143). This suggests that family support in the United States of America, a technologically advanced and developed country, is not something to be satisfactory about. USA is the only country in the capitalist world of advanced countries that has never offered a universal family allowance program to its citizens. This country’s family policy, instead, relies on targeted, means-tested segments like Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) later replaced by the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). However, according to (2006), US family structuring faced a lot of pressure as it is up to the present on a number of fronts both internal and external. According to the author, the boom in economic status of US family system came up after World War II when Japanese and European manufacturing industries went thought a devastation of war: â€Å"Progressive taxation policies redistributed income from corporations and high earners to policies and public investments† benefited middle class families as well as the working class families. This was the time when globally US family structure was one of the highest enjoying part of social structure in the United States of America as well as the rest of the world (Polaski, p. 02, 2007). The US government initiated such programs as Medicare and Medicaid that benefited the family sustain a balanced lifestyle with standard of living was steadily moving on the upward curve. It was the time when global community saw a fast emerging middle class family structure in the United States of America that entertained higher livings standards. Then things started moving on the downslide as the Japanese and European manufacturing industries came to compete in the global market with the US, US spending on Vietnam War, and other such factors contributed to building economic pressure on the US family living standards that brought changes in the social networking and framework. With the emergence of globalization the US families, especially the middle class families, saw a decline in the living standards: â€Å"Globalization revealed and exacerbated, rather than created, the basic problems with the U. S. system† (Polaski, p. 03, 2007). Social safety became a problem particularly for the US social structure as in a number of areas like health insurance and portable pensions. The author cites a recent IMF study that states that although the share of labor from all the advanced countries of the world has declined globally in the last twenty years, European workers are still enjoying a bigger share of the wealth of their countries than the workers in the US. Although Europe also faces pressure by globalization, it does have safety net for the social structuring of their people. On the other hand, then United States of America is dangling with uncertainty. However, the author notes that there is some link with policy making of the advanced countries with those of the developing countries. In this regard the author gives an example of agricultural policy in the United States (and other advanced countries) that has indirect effect of farming activities of a developing country, say India or Pakistan in this case. What happens that, â€Å"The United States and other wealthy countries offer agricultural subsidies to their farmers that induce overproduction, with the surpluses sold below cost to the rest of the world. This causes prices for farm goods to fall in the developing world, lowering the incomes of already poor farmers or forcing them off the land† (Polaski, p. 03, 2007). Seen from this perspective, it is right to suggest that policies in advanced countries do make the developing countries and their people suffer from high to low challenges a number of them are not recoverable which means that solid policy making must start from the region of agricultural reforms and policy revision so that developing nations do not need to suffer more on the hands of wealthy countries. Both Countries Explored in the above line, what I have analyzed is that both these countries face challenges in the family structuring and economic domain. Indian family structure is tending toward independent nuclear family; whereas, US family structure is going through a change from higher to lower living standards. Both these countries have been affected by the trend of globalization in negative as well as positive ways. For the Unites States, globalization has brought more education, shift from manufacturing to service industry (Polaski, 2007); then for India, globalization has brought stability in a number of areas in which computer technology and skills related to it are worth mentioning here because today India is the only country in the whole world which has the highest number of computer technician that work both in the country and overseas contributing to the nation’s collective income. Frawley, p. 20, 2001). Now that the trend of globalization demands from them is that both the countries need to work together to make such policies as can benefit the family structure in both the countries along with economical and social stability. Conclusion Although it is right to state that globalization has benefited the whole world in one way or another, it is also right to remark that a number of things have struck the world from the negative side. For this case India is the most glaring example because with the advent of materialism, global business practices, popularity of Hollywood movies, and materialism the centuries-old joint family structure whole over India is fast declining at an alarming rate. Compared with the United States of American, it comes to our critical notice that family structure in these two countries have different problems from each other. One country has family system as joint; while the other country is essentially nuclear. One is less educated country with majority being poor; whereas USA is a highly affluent country whose people are literate on the global standards. The challenges these two countries face in globalization are also different. India needs to boost up its economy by developing its industry, human capital, industrial structure, and so forth; USA has to make such policies as do not harm countries like India. References Frawley, D. (2001). Hindu response to globalization. International Journal of Humanities and Peace 17 (1) 20+. Niranjan, S., Nair, S. , Roy, T. K. (2005). Socio-Demographic analysis of the size and structure of the family in India. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 36 (4) 623+. Olsen, G. M. (2007). Toward global welfare state convergence? : Family policy and health care in Sweden, Canada and the United States. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare 34 (2). 143+. Polaski, S. (2007). U. S. living standards in an ear of globalization. Accessed May 11, 2008 from: http://www. carnegieendowment. org/files/pb_53_polaski__us_living_standards_final. pdf

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) :: Teaching Education

Symptoms within the classroom There are many warnings signs to Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), some may make careless mistakes, not paying attention to detail, not able to follow directions, often loses things, not being able to complete the task at hand, and often they are not able to sit still. (Jaska, 1998). These symptoms occur on a daily bases. ADD is a broader topic; ADHD is a subtype with in this category. Children can be diagnosed with ADD with or with out hyperactivity. ADD/ADHD is genetically linked disorder. Some parents may want to blame it on their child, but in fact it runs within families. If a parent or a teacher sees some of these patterns forming, they should seek professional help. These professionals can identify the problem; they can see psychologist, psychiatrist, pediatrician, and neurologist or any other specialist in this area. Many of these professionals use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), whi ch is a clinical manual that describes systems of all the different disorders that are known to the association (Hocutt, et al, 1993). Many parents want to blame the educational system or the teacher for this disorder occurring to their child. There has been a notice of the increase in both private and public school that children are being diagnosed with ADD/ADHD disorder. Sometimes looked at as an easy escape goat, but this is not always true. As a teacher, one must be able to recognize and know how to provide accommodation for these students in the classroom (Polloway, et al, 1998). Teachers can use â€Å"four fundamental intervention areas: environmental management which includes; psychosocial: teacher, family, peers and students, physical: assertive technology, seating and arrangement of classroom, instructional: transitions, grouping lesson planning, procedural: classroom rules. Instructional accommodations one must look at; curriculum, materials, involvement and the final products, student- regulated strategies you must increase attention/focus, modify impulsive responding, and provide help for peer relations. And lastly is there medical management treatment† (1998), this is a model for intervention. This can be overwhelming for one teacher. A classroom filled with children with all needing something different can in the long run be harmful for the students. That is why many teachers need teaching assistance to help them. This would provide more attention to each child.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Essay -- Essays Papers

Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born in Glasgow on 7 June 1868. He trained as an architect in a local firm and studied art & design at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art. For 20 years he worked as an architect/designer in Glasgow where all his best known work was created. Much of it is still there today. At art school Mackintosh and his friend and colleague Herbert MacNair met the artist sisters Margaret and Frances Macdonald. These four artists collaborated on designs for furniture, metalwork and illustration, developing a distinctive imagery of weird, abstracted female figures and metamorphic lines reminiscent of Aubrey Beardsley. Their style earned them the nickname of the 'Spook School' and their work, particularly in England, was treated with suspicion because of its decadent influence of Continental art nouveau. At this time Continental Art Nouveau was frowned upon by art critics. The majority of Mackintosh's work was created, with the help of a small number of patrons, within a short period of intense activity betwe...

Shared Service Costing

Helps In Identifying correct adoption of costing method which facilitates a transparent cost chargeable to Business Units (recipient of shared services) with granular Insight of the cost constituents. Introduction: In today's highly cost conscious environment, enterprise wide cost savings can be achieved by consolidating common work and infrastructure by using Shared Services units.But Business units often complain that Shared Services end up costing more than they targeted to save and also have the below questions:- â€Å"What are my Shared services costs made up off? † â€Å"Shared services costs are too high and affecting my product profitability' Shared services are unable to answer these questions due to lack of cost transparency in their cost models.Typical reasons for lack of cost transparency in shared services cost models are:- using complex costing methodology which makes measurement, chargeable and report to Business units difficult Lack of standardization of alloc ation logic Inability to completely automate the cross charging process Shared Service oodles † Our Shared services models enable cost transparency for multi-functional and reciprocal services rendered by Shared Services units.Cost transparency in context of Shared Services is to show the Business Services it consumes Cost of delivering these services Breaking the cost down to activities and resources involved in producing these services Allocation logic for cross charging On demand â€Å"what – with respect to demonstrate how costs change due to change In demand for services ,resource drivers and allocation logic Various automated cross charging models which reflect reciprocal services among Shared Services and eventually charge out to the Business are as follows:- Reciprocal costing model This costing model makes one time assignment of cost between Shared Services and eventually charges out Business for the Shared Services cost. This method Is easy to understand, fai rly accurate and facilitates In tracing cost to the origin. It also differentiates the rate at which Shared service unit Is charged with that charged to Business. Recursive costing model Services and Business. This method is accurate and reflects simultaneous charging at the same rate to Shared service and Business.Business benefits of the models: – (Positive Business Outcomes) Substantial reduction in lead time of calculating cross charging rates by eliminating manual and Increase in frequency of variance reporting which leads to repetitive interventions improved control of costs Detailed breakdown of cost of each service by the activities ensured and resources utilized Facilitates root cause analysis by tracing costs to origin for each service provided by Shared Services Availability of accurate and timely actionable cost data to analyze performance of Shared Services units and impact of its cost on Business Business benefits delivered.

K Final Report

Report On Marketing Management K&N’s (Marketing Mix) Submitted To: Madam Shumaila Dilawar Submitted By: Aneela Jabbar BB-08-15 Aqsa Mehmood BB-08-06 Arif Zafar BB-08-8 Rabeea Rafiq BB-08-33 Sahar Naveed BB-08-54 Sana Fatima Malik BB-08-64 Zobia Malik BB-08-19 Dedication We dedicate this work solely to our loving and supporting friends and teachers and those who have ever been praying for our success. Acknowledgements First and foremost, we would like to thank our Creator, Family and Friends for their undying love. We would never have come so far without them.We would also like to take this opportunity to thank my teacher, Madam Shumaila Dilawar, for her insightful guidance. Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends at Institute of Management Sciences that have always been proved helpful. For everything that is right, credit goes to all of the above. For anything that is wrong, we are culpable. Preface Practical leaning is an essential part of my education and it i s the specialty that distinct the department of IMS from others. To have deep understanding of the concepts, only theoretical knowledge does not provide the concrete base. In this report we have bridge that gap.The knowledge we acquired through this experience will be long lasting. Since we ourselves explored the field o work and analyzed different factors and variables. Introduction of K&N’s K&N’s, a founding pillar and beacon for Pakistan’s Poultry Industry started in 1964 with a single minded objective of providing better nutrition for health and happiness of the nation. Building on years of poultry expertise and commitment to food-safety, K&N’s integrated all poultry production activities under one umbrella to bring you safe and healthy chicken by managing and controlling all stages of production.The year 1964; Pakistan a young independent nation forging ahead towards a dream: self sufficiency in food production. Malnutrition remained a major problem and one out of four children died before attaining the age of five. 80% of ailing children were affected with diseases caused by protein, vitamin and mineral deficiency. Poultry production, the quickest and least expensive way of filling the protein gap was planned to overcome malnutrition. Backyard poultry farming had to graduate to a more professional level. January 1964, a young man, Khalil Sattar, still a college student, had the vision to foresee a need to establish a poultry farm.His interest led him to start a small broiler farm of 1,000 chicks. Little had he known this flock was to become the foundation stone of K&N’s? This was the simple, inspired and nationalistic beginning of K&N’s with a single-minded objective of providing better nutrition for Health and Happiness of the Nation. Poultry Breeding K&N’s maintains layer and broiler parent stock populations in different regions of Pakistan. Layer parent stock farms are located in the south and broiler p arents are bred in the colder mountainous northern region. Both types of parents are housed at isolated breeder farms.To ensure strict bio-security, all breeder farms work on the important principle of all-in-all-out to avoid multiple ages at any breeder farm. Breeding stock is housed in environment-controlled houses equipped with most modern ventilation, cooling and heating equipment. Some of the world’s best performances have been achieved at K&N’s. Strict bio-security measures are taken at all farms to reduce the risk of disease transmission through mechanically and physically transferred disease causative agents. Careful attention is paid to bird health, vaccination, weightage and selection to maintain healthy and uniform breeding flocks.Hatching-eggs are cooled down inside air conditioned, humidified egg-rooms, packed and dispatched in sanitized and environment-controlled vehicles to company owned hatcheries located throughout Pakistan. Hatching K&N’s opera tes several strategically located hatcheries covering all day-old chick markets to ensure delivery of high quality layer and broiler day-old chicks to commercial farmers throughout Pakistan. All hatcheries are equipped with most modern cooling, heating and humidification systems to provide a uniform and consistent hatchery environment independent of varying outdoor weather conditions.Incubators from world-renowned manufacturers are installed at all hatcheries and their performance data is recorded and monitored by a computerized incubation monitoring system. Upon arrival from breeder farms, hatching-eggs are candled at all hatcheries to remove eggs, which may have cracked during transit. Sanitation and hygiene is enhanced by mechanically transferring eggs from one type of tray onto another until chicks are harvested from hatchers. Maximum care is exercised while handling, reconstituting and administering vaccines using proper techniques and modern equipment.To ensure chicks get off to the healthiest start and stay protected from viral diseases, they receive inject able and spray vaccinations at the hatchery. Day-old chicks are delivered to farmers in environment-controlled chick delivery vehicles to maintain quality during transit. After making deliveries, vehicles are washed and disinfected before entering the hatchery premises to avoid any risk of carrying disease causative agents back to the hatchery from the field. Feed Milling To ensure consistent performance with high standards, our chickens really live on a healthy and well balanced diet.It is based on: natural grain products such as corn, corn gluten, rice and wheat; oil seed meals such as soybean, canola and sunflower; fish; oyster shells supplemented with multi-vitamins and minerals. Feed is always tested by our quality assurance lab to ensure it is wholesome because K&N’s does not compromise on quality. Feed is also supplied to our day-old chick customers and growers for realizing the profit potential of K&N’s quality day-old chicks. Poultry Processing At our state-of-the-art poultry processing plant, only healthy chickens are used to produce high quality, safe and healthy chicken products.Chickens are Halal slaughtered by hand (Islamic Zabeeha) strictly according to The Shariah. After Halal slaughter, chickens are processed in the most hygienic and automated manner. During processing, the birds are washed inside out and our veterinarians constantly examine the birds to confirm they are wholesome. Cleaning is constant and each evening the entire operation is completely washed and sanitized. Only after very thorough inspection, the plant begins operation each day. All chickens pass through veterinary inspection to confirm they are wholesome.To keep a continuous check on quality, hygiene and food-safety, random samples are collected from the processing line for lab testing. Some chickens are prepared to ship whole; others are packed as bone-in cuts or boneless prod ucts. Products for quality and food-safety conscious institutions – such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, clubs and international restaurant chains – are cut according to their specific requirements and packed in bulk packaging. Products for retail are packed in K&N's branded packaging and individually weighed, adding another step to K quality control.Products are then blast frozen at a very low temperature of –30? C to ensure product freshness, taste and food-safety. Ready-to-Cook and Fully Cooked Products Some chickens are used for preparing our ready-to-cook and fully cooked chicken products using state-of-the-art meat preparation and production equipment. Choicest meat is carved and select ingredients are added to our premium chicken meat, for preparing flavorful high-quality products such as burger patties, nuggets and kababs.Our world-class value-added chicken products are individually quick frozen using Individual Quick Freezing (IQF) Technology. Distrib ution System and K Distribution stores Products are stored at -21? C to maintain freshness. Packed products are moved into K sanitized refrigerated trucks for distribution to ensure uncompromising quality control. K chicken products are available at K Chicken Stores and leading retailers and also delivered to quality and food-safety conscious institutions such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, clubs and international restaurant chains.Quality Assurance Lab K state-of-the-art Quality Assurance Lab monitors the entire integration process, from livestock to feed and on to preparation of ready-to-cook & fully cooked products. The entire integration process is monitored and regulated to ensure K chicken products are wholesome, safe and healthy. K Poultry Diagnostic and Research Institute With the assistance of US Agency for International Development, K Poultry Diagnostic and Research Institute was established in collaboration with Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.It is a very well equipped and state-of-the-art disease diagnostic, feed and feed raw material testing laboratory which provides invaluable service to Pakistan’s poultry industry through research and extension service in close coordination with K Advisory Service. Certifications †¢K's ensures food-safety by implementing the HACCP* (international food-safety) System to produce safe and healthy chicken & chicken products. ( *HACCP (Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points) — pronounced ‘hassap’— is an international food-safety system for preventing microbiological, chemical and physical contamination along the food supply chain. †¢Quality Management System at K&N’s is ISO 9001:2008 certified. Through this internationally recognized quality management system, K&N’s is able to control and monitor quality specific factors, which ensure consistency in its products and services while assuring customer satisfaction. †¢Chickens are HALAL slaughte red by hand (Islamic Zabeeha) strictly according to The Shariah. K&N’s slaughtering procedure has been assessed by Darul-Ifta ofJamia Ashrafia and Jamia Naeemia, both authentic institutions for granting Halal certification.Corporate Social Responsibility K&N’s Advisory Service, a division of K&N’s, provides invaluable service to customers and the industry through the Nation’s widest network of sales, technical and extension service centers’. This division employs the nation’s largest team of veterinarians, nutritionist and highly experienced technical staff, and publishes technical bulletins, brochures, management guides and other advisory literature for customers, and also provides them with practical on-spot technical know-how.Seminars are organized in all major cities and rural poultry centers where local and foreign experts are invited to address poultry farmers on latest poultry developments. Free of charge vaccination and de-betaking s ervice is extended to customers, and least-cost feed formulations are also provided to farmers. Technical training programmes for poultry farmers are regularly organized and training is also imparted for carrying out vaccination and de-betaking. Through the training process, K&N’s has made a significant contribution to Pakistan’s rural development.Tens of thousands of skilled and semi-skilled workers have been trained to provide service to industry, and to earn a livelihood for themselves and their families. Marketing Mix These are actually the 4 P’s of marketing. Marketing decisions generally falls into the following four controllable categories. Product Product is the actually offering by the company to its targeted customers which also includes value added stuff. Product may be tangible (goods) or intangible (services). While formulating the marketing strategy, product decisions include: †¢What to offer? †¢Brand name Packaging †¢Quality †¢ Appearance †¢Functionality †¢Accessories †¢Installation †¢After sale services †¢Warranty Price Price includes the pricing strategy of the company for its products. How much customer should pay for a product? Pricing strategy not only related to the profit margins but also helps in finding target customers. Pricing decision also influence the choice of marketing channels. Price decisions include: †¢Pricing Strategy (Penetration, Skim, etc) †¢List Price †¢payment period †¢Discounts †¢Financing †¢Credit terms Using price as a weapon for rivals is as old as mankind.But it’s risky too. Consumers are often sensitive for price, discounts and additional offers. Another aspect of pricing is that expensive products are considered of good quality. Place (Placement) It not only includes the place where the product is placed, all those activities performed by the company to ensure the availability of the product to the targeted custom ers. Availability of the product at the right place, at the right time and in the right quantity is crucial in placement decisions. Placement decisions include: †¢Placement †¢Distribution channels †¢Logistics Inventory †¢Order processing †¢Market coverage †¢selection of channel members Promotion Promotion includes all communication and selling activities to persuade future prospects to buy the product. Promotion decisions include: †¢Advertising †¢Media Types †¢Message †¢Budgets †¢Sales promotion †¢Personal selling †¢Public relations †¢Direct marketing As these costs are huge as compared to product price, so it’s good to perform a break-even analysis before allocating the budget. It helps in determining whether the new customers are worth of promotion cost or not. Product FeaturesFor customers psychological benefits represent certain benefits they perceive to receive when using the product though these may b e difficult to measure and may vary by customer. These benefits address needs such as status within a group, risk reduction, sense of independence, and happiness. Such benefits are developed through promotional efforts that target customer’s internal makeup. Four basic objectives of absolute integrity, enthusiastic diligence, continuous improvement and high quality maintenance are at the core of all operations which provide an impelling urge for attaining perfection.Driven by its basic objectives in pursuit of perfection, K&N's is committed to have superior product and unmatched service through devoted people and consistent development K products K have different product lines, but we will discuss only a single product line which is Ready to Cook meal. This category includes: †¢Nuggets †¢Chappli kabab †¢Burger patties †¢Chicken tempura †¢Kofta †¢Combo wings †¢Croquettes †¢Haray bharay nuggets †¢Hot tenders †¢Fun nuggets K from the very beginning has focused on providing better nutrition for the health and happiness of the nation.Quality is very first priority that will make them build strong and profitable customer relationships. They are managing and controlling all stages of production in order to ensure 100% safe and healthy production of our product. Our product offers consumptions, attention to satisfy desire or need in the market. Level of Product †¢ Core Benefit: providing the good taste. †¢ Actual Product: our product includes all ingredients in packaging according to the core benefit. †¢ Augmented Product: our product provide some benefits which are related to product just as recipe.Branding Branding involves decisions that establish an identity for a product with the goal of distinguishing it from competitors’ offerings. In markets where competition is fierce and where customers may select from among many competitive products, creating an identity through branding is essen tial. It is particularly important in helping position the product (see discussion of product position) in the minds of the product’s target market Brand Names and Brand Marks At a very basic level branding is achieved through the use of unique brand names and brand marks.The brand name, which may be either the individual product name or a name applied to a group or family of products, is important for many reasons including suggesting what the product is or does (e. g. , Mop-and-Glow). The name is also what we utter when we discuss the product (i. e. , word-of-mouth marketing). The brand mark is a design element, such as a symbol (e. g. , Nike swoosh ), logo (e. g. , Yahoo! graphic), a character (e. g. , Keebler elves) or even a sound (e. g. , Intel inside sound), that provides visual or auditory recognition for the product.K brand Along with the developed brand identity and trust reposed by customers, K has established its name in international market as well. It is a well- developed and promoted brand. It is a strong brand which is leading to financial advantages through the concept of Brand Equity in which the brand itself becomes valuable. Packaging Nearly all tangible products (i. e. , goods) are sold to customers within a container or package that, as we will discuss, serves many purposes including protecting the product during shipment.In a few cases, such as with certain produce items, the final customer may purchase the product without a package but the produce marketer still faces packaging decisions when it comes to shipping to the store. Factors in Packaging Decisions Packaging decisions are important for several reasons including †¢Protection – Packaging is used to protect the product from damage during shipping and handling, and to lessen spoilage if the project is exposed to air or other elements. †¢Added Value – Packaging design and structure can add value to a product.For instance, benefits can be obtained from p ackage structures that make the product easier to use while stylistic designs can make the product more attractive to display in the customer’s home †¢Visibility – Packaging design is used to capture customers’ attention as they are shopping or glancing through a catalog or website. †¢Distributor Acceptance – Packaging decisions must not only be accepted by the final customer, they may also have to be accepted by distributors who sell the product for the supplier. †¢Cost – Packaging can represent a significant portion of a product’s elling price. †¢Long Term Decision – When companies create a new package it is most often with the intention of having the design on the market for an extended period of time. In fact, changing a product’s packaging too frequently can have negative effects K packaging Each product is wrapped in butter paper, and then packed in sealed plastic bags that are safe for health, and the n finally packed in the box. Some chickens are prepared to ship whole; others are packed as bone-in cuts or boneless products.Products for retail are packed in K's branded packaging and individually weighed, adding another step to K&N’s quality control. Products are then blast frozen at a very low temperature of –30? C to ensure product freshness, taste and food-safety. Labeling Most packages, whether final customer packaging or distribution packaging, are imprinted with information intended to assist the customer. For consumer products, labeling decisions are extremely important for the following reasons. †¢Labels serve to capture the attention of shoppers.The use of catchy words may cause strolling customers to stop and evaluate the product. †¢The label is likely to be the first thing a new customer sees and thus offers their first impression of the product. †¢The label provides customers with product information to aid their purchase decision or help improve the customer’s experience when using the product (e. g. , recipes). †¢In some countries many products, including food and pharmaceuticals, are required by law to contain certain labels such as listing ingredients, providing nutritional information or including usage warning information.K&N’s labeling ?K&N’s label is to attract the attention of the customers. ?COLOUR is attractive sharp red which is eye catching. These are the things which are listed on the wrappers ?Ingredients ?Nutrition Facts ?Procedure Nuggets Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 5 pieces (110g) Amount per serving Calories 263 Calories from Fat 147 % Daily Value* Total Fat 16. 30g Total Carbohydrate 14. 2g Fibers 1. 98g Protein 14. 90g Salt 1. 6g25% 5% 8% 30% * % Daily Value based on 2000 Calorie diet. Your daily value may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.Procedure Appliances and utensils vary; adjust heating times accordingly. Do not defrost Karahi (Wok): Preheat oil to frying temperature (180 °C). Deep fry frozen Nuggets for 3 minutes, or until golden brown. Oven: Preheat oven to 230 °C. Bake frozen Nuggets on a baking sheet (turning halfway through baking) for 5 minutes, or until golden brown PRICING STRATEGIES Pricing is the monetary value of the benefit that a customer is paying to get that particular benefit. So a company is very careful in setting its prices. As we know that there are two types of new product pricing strategies Market skimming pricing †¢Market penetration pricing For its product K&Ns have selected the market penetration pricing strategy. They apply this strategy to keep their product prices lower so that by doing this we attract a large numbers of buyers and also to gain large market shares. The reason for not using market skimming strategy is that as its product is an eatable product and there is no sense of keeping high prices for an eatable product, because as K&Ns knows that skimming strategies are for luxury products. PRICE ADJUSTMENT STRATEGIESAfter penetrating into the market, K&Ns will adopt adjustment strategies in order to increase its sales and attract more customers. Basically these adjustment strategies are according to the taste, culture and the changing situation of the market. Following are the price adjustment strategies. Segmented pricing. Psychological pricing. Promotional pricing. Geographical pricing. International pricing. DISCOUNT AND ALLOWANCE PRICING K&Ns applies this strategy by giving quantity discount to its customers. Quantity Discount: K&Ns gives quantity discount by offering â€Å"buy one get one free† offers.Besides this K&Ns also gives discount to those customers who will buy in bulk or in large quantity. Segmented pricing: K&Ns launched its product in almost all the parts of the country with almost the same prices. They segmented their product price in the following ways. Time pricing strategy: In time pricing K&Ns lowers its prices according to diffe rent seasons. It reduces prices in Ramadan season, as its demand is more in that season. Promotional pricing: This strategy involves temporary lowering of the prices of the product below the cost to increase the short run sales.K&Ns applies this strategy when any one of its competitor lower its product price in order to grab market shares. To compete with them it also lowers its product price so that it can retain its market shares. Geographic pricing: In Geographic pricing K&Ns adopts freight absorption strategy. Freight absorption strategy: K&Ns do not add freight charges to its product price in order to keep its product price lower, as its focus is to capture more customers. International pricing: As K&Ns is not yet internationally recognized so K&Ns do not set international prices for its products.K&Ns is only serving nationwide so it sets prices of its product nationally. PRICE CHANGES: Some time companies have to initiate price change after developing pricing strategies Becaus e of different reasons, Price change could be a price cut or price increase. Initiating a Price Cut: K&Ns already set a low price for its product but it cuts price of its product if its sales will not increase accordingly, in that situation K&Ns will cut the price in order to increase sales and to capture market shares. Initiating a Price increase:Once K&Ns product achieved a position in a market and it sets a good image in the consumers mind and has a large number of potential buyers then K&Ns might increase its product price. But its aim is to give good quality product in an affordable price. K&Ns can initiate its product price when its product demand increases and K&Ns cannot supply according to the demand but INSHALLAH this situation will never come because K&N’s has its own poultry and breeding farms. Buyer’s Reaction to Price Changes: Changing in price has a great effect on the consumers mind.They think that there should be some problem with the product so the co mpany is decreasing its product price or the customers may interpret it as the company is closing its business and they will not offer this product in future. On the other hand price increase also affects the buyers in a way that they think that this product is unobtainable unless they buy it soon. They also think that the company is greedy and they are charging more prices for their product. Competitor’s Reaction to Price Changes: K&Ns is aggressive while changing its product price and has to change its product price according to the competitor’s product price.So K&Ns keeps its competitors into consideration before lowering or increasing its product prices. Responding to Price Change: If any of the competitors of K&Ns changes the prices it affects its sales. So K&Ns analyzes the change and react to it accordingly. Like if they low their price it will decrease its sales so K&Ns then adopts strategies to increase its sale by lowering its prices, giving discounts or impr oving quality of its products. PLACE Place include company activities that make the product available to the target customers.For customers, product and service should be as conveniently available as possible. This includes the strategies, how the organization is going to distribute the product or service to the end users. Distributing the right product at right time is the rule of thumb. Efficient and effective distribution is important to meet all the desired marketing objectives of the firm. If the firm is not understanding or underestimating the demand of the customers and customers are not getting the product due this negligence then it is going to affect the overall profitability of the firm in the long run.PLACE MIX DECISIONS: Place mix decisions include designing the strategies for the better availability of the product at the right time to the target customers to achieve organizational objectives. It comprises decisions about: †¢Channels †¢Coverage †¢Assortme nts †¢Locations †¢Inventory †¢Transportation †¢Logistics CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION: Channel of Distribution involves the routes of getting the product from the manufacturer to the ultimate consumer. These channels of distribution are also called intermediaries.There are many types of intermediaries such as wholesalers, agents, retailers, the Internet, overseas distributors, direct marketing (from manufacturer to user without an intermediary), and many others. Types of channel of distribution: There are two types of channel of distribution of the products or services available. †¢Indirect distribution: it involves the distribution of the product by the use of an intermediary for example selling the product to the wholesaler and then on the way to the retailers. Direct distribution: it involves the direct distribution of the product from the manufacturing concern to the consumer, without involvement of any third party or middle men. There is an advantage of dire ct distribution over indirect distribution that the manufacturer gains complete control over the consumer. The following figures depict the two types of channel distribution. INDIRECT CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION DIRECT CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION Distribution strategies: Depending on the types of the product, there are three major types of channel of distribution strategies available. . Extensive distribution: It is commonly used to distribute low priced or impulse purchase products e. g. chocolates and sweets etc. 2. Selective distribution: Here a small number of retail outlets are chosen to distribute the product. Selective distribution is common with products such as computers, televisions household appliances, where consumers are willing to shop around and where manufacturers want a large geographical spread. 3. Exclusive distribution: It involves limiting distribution to a single outlet.The product is usually highly priced, and requires the intermediary to place much detail in its sell . An example of would be the sale of vehicles through exclusive dealers. If the manufacturer decides to choose selective or exclusive distribution, then it must select an experienced, creditable and renowned intermediary. COVERAGE: Number of active retail and/or wholesale outlets (relative to a saturation level) that sell a specific firm's brands in a given market. Required market coverage is achieved by following concentrated marketing, differentiated marketing, or undifferentiated marketing strategy.Concentrated marketing: Concentrated marketing or niche marketing is market-coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few segments niches. It appeals to the marketers when company resources are limited. Through niche marketing, the firm achieves a strong market position because of its greater knowledge of consumer needs in the niches it serves and a special reputation it acquires. It can market more effectively by fine tuning its products prices and program s to the needs of carefully defined segment.It can also market efficiently, targeting its products or services, channels and communications programs toward only consumers that it can serve best and most profitably. It is highly profitable but at same time provides with greater than normal risks as companies solely depend on fewer segments for their business and large competitors can enter the same segment with greater resources. Differentiated marketing: Differentiated or segmented marketing is market -coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each.By offering product and marketing variations, companies hope to get higher sales and strong position in each market segment. But there is a drawback that differentiated marketing for each segment bears a lot of cost to satisfy each target segment’s customers. Developing separate marketing plans for the separate segments requires extra marketing research, forecasting, sales analysis, promotion planning, and channel management. Mass marketing: The marketing strategy that provides an opportunity to the organizations to appeal to a wide variety of potential customer is mass marketing or undifferentiated marketing.Here a firm ignores the market differences and go after the whole market with another. The idea is to broadcast the message to the largest number of people possible. Mass marketing creates the largest potential market that yields to lower cost as it focuses on high sales and low prices. Typically, things which are perceived to necessary or essential to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. On the contrary, mass marketing fails to satisfy all consumer needs and face trouble to compete other firms following better marketing approaches.ASSORTMENTS: Assortment means the group or collection of products and services offered in the market for sale. It refers to the variety of the offering being available in the market according to the custo mer’s demand. Role of channel members: Channel members play a vital role in assorting the quantity and variety of the products according to the market and consumer’s needs. Producers use these intermediaries because they create greater efficiency in making goods available to the target markets.Through their contacts, market insight and scale of operation, they transform the assortments of the products made by the producers into assortments wanted by consumers. Producers make narrow assortments of the products in large quantities, but consumers want broad assortments of the products in small quantities. Marketing channel members buy larger quantities of the products from the producers and break them into smaller quantities and broader assortments wanted by consumers. So, intermediaries play an important role in matching the supply and demand in the market. LOCATIONS:The location for the sale of the product is analogous to distribution center. A distribution center for a set of products is a warehouse or other specialized building, often with refrigeration or air conditioning, which is stocked with products (goods) to be re-distributed to retailers, to wholesalers or directly to consumers†¦ A distribution center can also be called a warehouse, a DC, a fulfillment center, a cross-dock facility, a bulk break center, and a package handling center. The name by which the distribution center is known is commonly based on the purpose of the operation.Distribution centers are the foundation of a â€Å"supply network† as they allow a single location to stock a vast number of products. Some organizations operate both retail distribution and direct-to-consumer out of a single facility, sharing space, equipment, labor resources and inventory as applicable. How a distribution center operates? The way a typical retail distribution network operates is to have centers set up throughout a commercial market. Suppliers will ship truckloads of products to the distribution center. The distribution center will then store the product until needed by the retail location and ship the proper quantity.Many retailers own and run their own distribution networks, while smaller retailers may outsource this function to dedicated logistics firms that coordinate the distribution of products for a number of companies. A distribution center can be co-located at a logistics center. Storage at distribution center: Another important secondary role of distribution center is storage. Many retailers have prioritized having as many items in stock at one time as possible. To conserve space, minimize inventory costs, and maximize the variety they offer the retail might only stock one or a few items of a particular product.This requires the ability to ship a replacement quickly once an item is sold. By keeping product on hand in the distribution center, the retailer can ship a replacement almost immediately after a product is sold. Storage location and storag e containers: Goods (products) arrive and are stored in a distribution center in varying types of storage locations and containers suited to the product characteristics and the amount of product to be transported or stored. These types of locations and containers have specific industry accepted names. There are specialized and various types of containers.The following is a list of some of the names and characteristics of common storage containers: †¢Intermodal containers (shipping containers) – are used for the efficient transportation of goods. There are standards that specify the volume and dimensions of containers to facilitate efficient handling. †¢Pallets- are one of the most commonly used means to store and move product in a distribution center. Pallets are stored on the floor, may be stacked, and may be stored in pallet rack. †¢Gaylord’s- are large single boxes usually connected or attached to a pallet. Cases and Cartons- are boxes usually contain ing many items. In distribution centers there is a generally accepted distinction made between the terms carton and case although both are boxes. Goods are received and stored in cartons. Goods are shipped in cases. A stored carton is called a case once it has been picked or pulled for shipment. †¢Totes- are reusable containers used to hold and transport goods. INVENTORY: Inventory or stock means a list compiled for some formal purpose, a list of goods and materials to the goods and materials themselves, especially those held available in stock by a business.Manufacturers', distributors', and wholesalers' inventory tends to cluster in warehouses. Retailers' inventory may exist in a warehouse or in a shop or store accessible to customers. Reasons for keeping stock: There are three basic reasons for keeping an inventory: 1. Time – The time lags present in the supply chain, from supplier to user at every stage, requires that you maintain certain amounts of inventory to use in this â€Å"lead time. † 2. Uncertainty – Inventories are maintained as buffers to meet uncertainties in demand, supply and movements of goods. 3.Economies of scale – Ideal condition of â€Å"one unit at a time at a place where a user needs it, when he needs it† principle tends to incur lots of costs in terms of logistics. So bulk buying, movement and storing brings in economies of scale, thus inventory. While the reasons for holding stock were covered earlier, most manufacturing organizations usually divide their â€Å"goods for sale† inventory into: †¢Raw materials- materials and components scheduled for use in making a product. †¢Work in process, WIP- materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished goods. Finished goods- goods ready for sale to customers. †¢Goods for resale – returned goods that are salable. Inventory management: Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and mai ntain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. Systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques and report actual and projected inventory status. The improvement of inventory management has two parts: the capability of the organization to manage inventory, and the way in which it chooses to do so.For example, a company may wish to install a complex inventory system, but unless there is a good understanding of the role of inventory and its parameters, and an effective business process to support that, the system cannot bring the necessary benefits to the organization in isolation. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution function to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. TRANSPORTATION:Transport or transporta tion is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transportation infrastructure: Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports.Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of in frastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. LOGISTICS:Logistics can be classified as an enterprise planning framework for material management, information, service and capital flows. In the words, logistics can be defined as having the right type of product or service at the right place, at the right time, for a right price and in the right condition. The primary goal of the logistics is to effectively manage the product life cycles and resultant efficiency. Logistics does not mean a single work activity but refers to a group of activities performed to attain the goal of a business enterprise that is maximizing the Profits.This may involve steps like purchasing, planning, coordination, transportation, warehousing, distribution and customer service. Logistics management: Logistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and rel ated information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer and legal requirements. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called a logistician.Logistics management is known by many names, the most common are as follows: †¢Materials Management †¢Channel Management †¢Distribution (or Physical Distribution) †¢Business or Logistics Management or †¢Supply Chain Management PLACE MIX_K: K chicken products are available at K Chicken Stores and leading retailers and also delivered to quality and food-safety conscious institutions such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, clubs and international restaurant chains. It has a strong supply chain through its distribution channels. In Pakistan K is operating in more than 35 cities.There is very diversity in its distribution. We take the example of Islamabad city . In Islamabad there are many stores as well as retailers in every sector, and only in I-8 there is o ne K store and 17 retailer’s shops. DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCT: After the development of product, product should be distributed into the market for the satisfaction and attraction of our consumers. The products play a vital role in the availability of their services to attract the customers. How to Distribute Product to Retailers: K follows the following ways to distribute product to retailers: †¢Sell Directly to Retailers Sell through distributors, which sell a broad range of products to many retailers †¢Sell through captive distributors, which sell a broad range of products to one chain of retailers. †¢Sell through distributors, which sell to targeted customers. Distribution Channel of Product: The distribution channel of our product is indirect marketing channel because this channel contains one or more intermediary levels. Cities in which products are available: In Pakistan, K chicken is available in the following cities. Abbottabad, Bahawalpur, Chakwal, Chini ot, Daska, D. G. han, Dharki, Dina, Faisalabad, Farooqabad, Gujar Khan, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Hyderabad, Islamabad, Jaranwala, Jhelum, Kabirwala, Kamra, Karachi, Khanewal, Kharian, Lahore, Lalamusa, Larkana, Machi ghot , Mangla, Mansehra, Mardan, MirpurAJK, Mirpur Methelo, Mirpurkhas, Multan, Murree, Noshehroferoz, Nawabshah, Noshehra, Okara, Panu Aqil, Peshawar, Pitaro, Quetta, Raiwind, Rawalpindi, Rahimyarkhan, Risalpur, Sadiqabad, Sahiwal, Sargodha, Shorkot, Sialkot, Sukkar, Tandoadam and Wah cant. Promotion Strategies: Promotion is the activity in which the company has a chance to interact with its customers.To Promote K uses different promotional tools. These tools include advertisements, sale promotions, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing. Advertisements: It uses informative advertising because it is mostly used when introducing a new product. The objective of it is to build primary demand. It will use the persuasive advertising when it has a competition in the market. Sales Promotions: In sales promotions it uses different discount strategies, giving short term incentives in order to increase its sales.It also introduces sponsorships, memberships and discount coupons. Memberships: K also offers memberships to its customers. The K's Way Club membership is free. One can enroll by just filling the form, click submit and simply print the Temporary Card. Temporary card: Having enrolled as a new club member, you can use your Temporary card to earn points with immediate effect. Please remember to always present this Temporary Card while shopping at K&N’s Chicken Store for point’s credit into your club account. Club card and pin:Along with your club Member card, you will also receive a 5-digit PIN (Personal Identification Number). You will need this PIN (along with your club card number) to enquire about your account balance; update your individual club profile online, and for all other club online services. As a new member, it is important to know you cannot use our online services, nor redeem your points, until you have received your PIN. One can also enroll oneself by filling out the Enrolment Form available at all K&N's Chicken Stores and send it to the company.One has to detach The K's Way Club Temporary Card and retain it. After becoming the member, K&N’s offers different discounts, exclusive privileges and other benefits to its members when they collect points. The more they collect, the more they benefit. As a member every time you shop at any K&N’s Chicken Store in Pakistan, you earn valuable points which can be redeemed for free K&N's products. Number of points: Number of points earned is directly related to purchase amount, K product category and your status within The K's Way Club. You earn 2. 50 status and award points for every Rs. 0/- spent on Whole Chicken, Designer Cuts and By-Parts. For Boneless products you earn 3. 50 points, while for Ready-to-Cook, Fully Cooked and Deli L ine Products you earn 5 points for the same amount spent. Your club status determines whether you will be able to enjoy additional benefits and privileges associated with Silver, Gold or Circle status within The K&N’s Way Club Program. Award points: Award points are earned every time you shop at a K&N’s Chicken Store. As the name suggests, award points can be exchanged for awards, such as free K&N's products and special discounts.Award points can also be earned against special K's product offers and promotions from time to time. Award points do not count towards determining club status. Status points: Status points are earned simultaneously with award points every time you shop at a K&N’s Chicken Store. As the name suggests, status points determine club status and enable you to move towards and/or retain the higher Silver, Gold or Circle status. Certain limited time promotions or special offers may be excluded from status points’ accrual. Executive bonus: A higher status of Silver, Gold or Circle within the Club also entitles you to an Executive Bonus on award points earned, even for the same purchase amount. If you have Silver status, you earn 25%. Gold status entitles you to 50%, while Circle status gives you 100% Executive Bonus. Executive Bonus is not applicable on Status Points. Member: Once you have reached 50 status points K&N’s welcomes you as a permanent Member of The K&N's Way Club where a world of privileges, attractive awards and benefits are offered to the customers on their future shopping.Silver: Attaining Silver status is easy and within reach. To start with, a customer has to earn 25% Executive Bonus award points on every purchase he makes, and enjoy a host of other privileges designed for the Silver members. Gold: A customer has to earn required number of status points and he gets the Gold status The K's Way Gold members get as much as 50% Executive Bonus award points on purchases, 6 discount eVouchers in a c alendar year for attaining or extending the status each time, and other privileges designed only for the Gold members.Circle: The K&N’s Way Circle status recognizes the loyalty of the exceptional customers. It offers these privileges as an expression of their utmost appreciation for the loyalty of their exclusive ‘circle’ of such customers. For instance, if a customer treats himself to 100% Executive Bonus award points on his purchases, 12 discount eVouchers in a calendar year for attaining or maintaining the status each time and other privileges designed exclusively for their Circle members. Personal Selling It also promotes its product through personal selling.Personal selling is more effective than any other promotion strategy. Through personal communication, it is easy to persuade someone to buy your product, because in personal selling there is a direct contact with the buyers. Public Relations: To increase its sales it also ties good public relations. K&Nâ €™s develops its public relation by doing the work of social responsibility, like wishing happy Eid or wishing any other special event to the customers. Through Public relations it also creates a good word of mouth for the product which is the most efficient way of promoting a product.Direct Marketing: In direct marketing K&N’s targets its customers through internet, telephone, print media and electronic media (television and radio). Print Media: It promotes its product through print media by advertising its product in newspapers and in different magazines. K&N’s adopts this type of advertising when it wants to introduce some new discount packages or sales offers. Other then advertising in newspapers and in magazines it also advertises its product on bill boards and banners. Electronic Media:To promote its product through electronic media K&N’s advertises its product on different television channels and on radio stations. To make its product information more convenient and easy it provides its website and 24 hours toll free numbers, through which the customers can contact and also give feedback about the product. The website of K&N’s is http://www. kandns. com Promotion for kids: To make its products favorite among kids, K&N’s introduced a product called â€Å"Fun Nuggets†. It has designed special advertisements for children.As kids are more attracted by cartoons, K&N’s has used cartoon characters like dinosaurs, dolphins and ducks and have given them special names like Din Din, Dolf and Ducky to make their products familiar with kids. K&N’s Cooking show: To promote its product, K&N's has now brought a dedicated cooking show for quick recipes with answers to all viewers’ ‘how do you do that' questions, and helpful tips – all at Smart Cooking with K's! Chef Mehboob Khan is the name consumers trust and count on for reliable and tasteful recipes.People can now watch him use a wide ran ge of K&N’s chicken products for easy-to-prepare recipes like Lahori Karahi, Chicken Ala Kiev, or Fajita Wraps. Smart Cooking with K&N's is aired on every Saturday 6:30pm, Sunday 4:00pm and Wednesday 2:00pm, on ARY Zauq. In this winter, to promote its products, K has now offered discounts on its products like Croquettes and chapli kabab. Similarly, in Ramazan, K offered its members to get 50% bonus award points on all of its products. In the same way, it had offered its members price discounts on Haray Bharay Nuggets and Tender Pops in Ramazan.Other then the print and electronic media the cheapest way to promote the product is through Short messaging service: They have a contract with different cellular companies where they will send K promotional messages to their special numbers. K face book page: K has also created face book page. Now-a-days, many companies, designers and artists are making their fan pages on face book for the advertisements of their products. People go on these pages, learn about the products, give their comments, resolve their queries and recommend these pages to their friends.In the same way, K has made its face book page to advertise its products. Its face book link is: http://www. facebook. com/pages/KNs-Chicken/120891524596651 Promotion Budget: To allocate budget for the promotion strategies K uses objective and task method. According to this method first it defines its promotion objectives, that why are they promoting their product? After that they determine different tasks to accomplish those objectives and at the end they estimate the cost utilized in performing these tasks. PRODUCT POSITIONINGIt is the evaluation of a company’s product’s position that what place it occupies in the market and how customers differentiate it from other products. Choosing positioning strategy To position the product different companies use different positioning strategies. Major competitors: Major competitors of K and N are †¢Kitchen confidence. †¢Mano Salva, †¢ seasons canola`s menu †¢Locally available chicken Kitchen Confidence basically produces frozen products like Chicken Nuggets. Burger Patties, Meat balls, Samosa,Rolls etc. Recently co. has started non frozen item i. e. Bread Crumbs.Salwa Foods offers an assortment of deep frozen food products for both retailers and food service. The assortment ranges from basic standard products to highly refined ready-made products. Salwa foods have launched its ready to cook items under the name of Mano Salwa. Season’s canola has launched its range of ready to cook food items with the name of menu. But the largest of the competitors that was a challenge to K and N was the locally available chicken in the market. It had the stereotypic advantage of being truly Halal and cheap than any kind of chicken available in packets in frozen form.Competitive Advantages Following are the competitive advantages that make it different K & N from rest of its competitors. Product Differentiation: We offer a pack of four. Each separately wrapped in butter paper, combined packed in sealed plastic bags that are safe for health, and then finally packed in the box. Service Differentiation: Our product will be accessible and will be available at every outlet of K. Channel differentiation: In Pakistan K is operating in more than 35 cities. There is very diversity in its distribution. We take the example of Islamabad city .In Islamabad there are many stores as well as retailers in every sector, and only in I-8 there is one K store and 17retailer’s shops. People differentiation: Technology is highly involved in the production so we will hire trained staff, those who knows how to operate the machines. We also hire qualified staff in order to guarantee healthy relationship between customers and retailers. Image differentiation: Since our product comes under K brand name hence a good image will be casted over the consumers. Also K is a s ymbol of quality; hence will automatically be recognized as a quality product.Product Chain K are enjoying their own product chain. They have their own breading and poultry forms, from where they get there raw material for their product. Choosing the right competitive advantage †¢Important: We deliver highly valued benefits to our target customers in our products. †¢Distinctive: we have no strong competitor and enjoy distinctiveness in the market. †¢Superior: we are providing pure hygienic food in at comparable prices. †¢Communicable: the consumers can feel the difference in our quality, taste, hygiene and prices that are communicable. Preemptive: competitor needs a lot and lot of hard work to match our standard else it is not possible. †¢Affordable: Buyer can afford to pay for the difference. †¢Profitable: the difference is profitable both for the company and the customers. Selecting an overall positioning strategy Our overall positioning strategy will be focused on More for Less winning value proposition i. e. will offer more quality at less price range and we will focus on the needs and wants of target customers in order to give high customer value and satisfaction POSITIONING STATEMENTTo target the teenagers, working women, hostilities and bachelors, we offer, a ready to eat hot and spicy paratha, with high quality, affordability and accessibility. Conclusion We have come to a conclusion that K is the most superior and famous quality delivering company. Its Promotion through advertising is highly frequent on different TV channels. It has differentiated itself from its competitors by having highly trained sales person with different discount allowances and coupons. It has developed strong bonds with its customers. It