Sonys Business Strategy In The Global Environment Commerce Essay

Since 1946, Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita founded Sony as Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corp in Tokyo. The company commenced researching with 20 employees with a budget lower than 200,000 hankerings. The company was fabricating telecommunication and measurement equipment. Within a twelvemonth, the first merchandise was launched, a power megaphone. In 1950, the Japan ‘s first tape recording equipment was distributed to a market. When Sony eyes on conveying their wares to the international market in the mid-1950s, it seemed to be a virgin name, at the interim, because the initials TTK were antecedently selected. The company combined its name from the Latin word for sound, â€Å" sonus, † and the American word â€Å" sonny † . Regard to a trade taging grounds, the company desired to hold a word that will non be found in any linguistic communication. Many inquiries came up from an internal harmonizing to the alteration because of the clip spent on implementing its former trade name known globally, but in 1958, the name was officially changed to Sony Corp. In 1960, Sony started out its U.S. subdivision, called SONAM ( Sony Corporation of America ) , known as SCA, and the first subdivision in the United Kingdom in eight old ages subsequently. First, the subdivision was named as Sony ( U.K. ) Ltd and was changed subsequently into Sony United Kingdom Ltd. The company spreads out into Spain and France in 1973 every bit good as in German in 1986. Sony has a long history of presenting engineerings. Sony novices, in 1950, the Japan ‘s first transistor wireless, the TR-55. In a piece, the company released a minor transistor wireless. For a decennary, Sony released the universe ‘s first direct-view portable Television, the TV8-301. The company persisted in developing the Television and in a twosome of old ages manufactured the tiniest all-transistor Television. In 1989, Sony released the Handycam, a portable, easy-to-use, 8 millimeter camcorder. Six old ages ago, the company brought the universe ‘s first Blu-ray phonograph record participant into the amusement market. In 2005, Sony upgrades the Handycam to the High Definition Handycam, making the universe ‘s smallest picture camera. The Walkman is the leader merchandise from Sony forcing the SONY trade name to the top. The first version was launched in 1979. The little, lightweight portable tape participant revolutionized the manner people listened to music. It besides allowed persons to do music truly personal by utilizing earphones. In 1984, Sony released the Discman, the company ‘s first portable Cadmium participant. Since March 2009, Sony employed more than 171,300 people. The one-year gross of company in 2009 was about $ 8 billion, with about $ 1.5 billion in net income. They remain headquartered in Tokyo and have about 100 attached companies outside Japan.Particular Critical Incident of SonySony has got assorted retail mercantile establishments around the World which ensures a uninterrupted supply of merchandises to the clients. However, from these retail mercantile establishments there are a batch of rivals such as Motorola which produce similar merchandises and use the same mercantile establishments to do the merchandises reach the consumers. Due to this there is a demand for Sony to come up with schemes which can do them win over their rivals merchandises. For illustration in the late 1990 ‘s Sony lost its leading place in most of its markets merely because of improper schemes. There are assorted grounds which led to this failure and they are farther discussed and supported by assorte d schools here under ;Mintzberg SchoolsHarmonizing to Mintzberg et Al ( 1998 ) there are 10 schemes which when divided into three groups can be applicable in transporting out strategic direction procedure. The three groups are ; normative, Descriptive and Configuration. Prescriptive describes how schemes should be made instead than how schemes are formulated ; descriptive describes assorted procedures involved in the formation of scheme and constellation includes description of both descriptive and constellation. For a company ‘s scheme to work best in a given concern environment, it has to place and utilize a mix of schemes. As referred to the instance survey, the failure of Sony to take in most of its market would hold been solved by looking as to whether the scheme behind the company was working or non. The company taking place in the market would hold worked on the longer footings by placing three Mintzberg schemes of entrepreneurial, cognitive every bit good as Power schools. The entrepreneurial school focal points on cognition and intuition which directors need to be cognizant of, in the procedure of transporting out their managerial activities ( Betz, 2002 ) . The success of any scheme is chiefly based on director ‘s vision, personal intuition, judgements, experience and wisdom. As referred to the instance survey, one of the ways which seemed to be solution to resuscitate Sony was to replace the bing Chief executive officer at that clip and Howard Stringer took over the company as a new Chief executive officer in 2005. Stringer was able to resuscitate the company through efficiency and reorganisation which made different section collaborating together to accomplish a common end. Another feature of scheme which needs to be seen at Sony Company is the cognitive schools which focus on strategian head. Harmonizing to Ginder at Al. 2002, scheme depends on single ‘s apprehension and how that single manages the information used to develop the scheme. The doomed of Sony ‘s leading place was due to failures of strategians to acknowledge the growing of new engineerings. This means the strategians did non hold adequate information related to market environment. This information would hold been obtained through SWOT analysis and could assist directors explicate the company ‘s schemes efficaciously. Power School as another Mintzberg scheme focuses on power relationships of where the scheme is created. The power school requires of import characters in the organisation to dicker persuade and comfort each other in the procedure of scheme preparation. ( Betz, 2002 ) commented on his survey that scheme can be used as a tool of doing partnerships. Having a new CEO, Howard Stringer Sony reported a loss which was caused by failure of the company to convey up advanced merchandises. The new CEO and directors of the company fail to look into alterations go oning in the competitory concern environment, and hence the alterations brought loss to the company sometimes subsequently.WhittingtonWhittington ‘s theory of scheme focal points on four schools of classical, evolutionary, processual and systemic. The school which relate to Sony Company is evolutionary theory. Harmonizing to Doty et Al ( 1993 ) the evolutionary school focal points on the environment as the chief factor instead than rational attack suggested by other schools. The Evolutionary attack believes that organisational environment is the biggest factor in the preparation of concern scheme therefore the preparation of scheme must be reflected to the environment since it is unpredictable and mutable. In add-on to that the theory supports on emphasizing that net income maximization is determined by markets and non directors. Whittington concludes that rational attacks can non find the endurance of houses in the selling environment but it is development which determines it. In development, competition is overcome by the battle and endurance of the house from which the rule of natural choice is translated into the scheme for the best public presentation. Sony failure to be a leader in the planetary market can be linked to the evolutionary school due to miss of market information. Bing a leader in the market, top direction was supposed to be cognizant of the conditions predominating in the market including invention and technological promotion which could assist the company keep its leading place. On the other manus, when the new CEO, Mr. Stringer took over the company he seemed to be less concern with the environment alternatively he focused on reorganisation. The sections in the company functioned independently and made the CEO to see it as a chief cause of the company ‘s failure to globalise. The Chief executive officer was supposed to look at what the company is bring forthing and do comparing with the merchandises available in the selling environment to keep the leading place of the company. Successful organisations are those that most efficaciously interact with their environments ( Hambrick 1982, Pfeffer and Salancik 1978 ) . Organizational Performance is dependent on the organisation ‘s ability to aline or fit its schemes, constructions, and processes to its environment. Alignment depends on the organisation ‘s ability to obtain relevant information about its current and future environment. Environmental scanning is the procedure by which an organisation collects environmental information, which is utilized in its strategic direction procedure. Therefore to be a leader and go success in its planetary markets it was suppose to scan its environment and any information obtained should be incorporated into the company ‘s scheme every bit good as constructions and procedures within the company. While making that, the top direction has to do certain that information is shared among assorted members of the company chiefly between the sections. Corporate CEO is a individual whose determinations take the company in the coveted way. Most of the CEOS are leaders in the environmental motion. It is clip to acknowledge that their committedness is critical to success. The universe economic system is now propelled by venture capital and proficient invention. Barney ‘s ( 1991 ) says that organisational resources are said to be embedded in the organisation, squad based, and capable to causal ambiguity. Such capablenesss are besides really much in line with the â€Å" modus operandis † . Here we focus on managerial accomplishments at running the concern or a portion of the concern. The success of the Sony, at the beggary was good known but later on the company experienced losingss merely because of its hapless organisational construction in which sections ‘ maps independently from each other. The results indicated that segmented and isolated work to team-based operations is important to organisational market leading. Organizations operations should be carried out in line with undertaking forces for short-run job resolution exercisings, and with cross-functional and cross-hierarchical squads to accomplish longer-term aims and specific undertakings of an ongoing nature. Moss Kanter ( 1983 ) argues that such squad mechanisms promote the circulation of resources, information and support. The tendency, hence, has been off from segmented and isolated constructions with small communicating and interaction between countries and different degrees, to a state of affairs where interaction and integrating are seen as being indispensable to operations. No longer do functional countries concentrate merely on their ain undertakings. Now they are made cognizant of the work of other countries and how they can be of aid to them. Interaction through squads and webs ensures that the wider image of the organisation is understood. Team-based work ensures a more flexible and adaptable attack to work makes possible the wider exercising of liberty and duty, gives rise to increased interaction, communicating and information flows, and makes work more gratifying for those involved.Strategic DecisionsGlobally, SONY is perceived as the trade name whose merchandises are of high quality, with the presence of rivals the company has to do certain that it has a tool of competitory advantage in or der to get the better of the approaching rivals and get larger market portion. In order to accomplish the planetary aspirations the company has to see the following cardinal strategic determination ; Harmonizing to Gupta and Govidarajan ( 2001 ) , any company wishing to function its markets globally will hold to do four nucleus determinations refering ; The markets the company wishes to run The merchandises to vie in the planetary market The manner of come ining the market Time/speed of entryPlague analysisOn the other manus SONY Company has to utilize PEST analysis to obtain the necessary information which helps the company to analyse and measure the competition it is confronting. PEST analysis involves ; Political forces such as Government policies and statute law Political stableness Public involvement groups ( consumer watchdogs ) Economic forces such as Exchange rates Inflation Social forces such as Changes in life style ( faster gait of life taking to a demand in products/services which enable people to make things more rapidly and handily ) Manner and tendencies Technological forces such as Fast gait of technological alteration Research and development ( a demand for increased budgets to maintain measure with the gait of technological alteration ) Opportunities for invention The cost of engineering ( reducing/increasing ) Increased ordinance ( wellness and safety facets of new merchandises )SWOT analysisBesides Sony ‘s SWOT analysis is one of the schemes which the company will hold to do in order to achieve its planetary aspirations. SWOT analysis will assist the company to fit its strength and failings against chances and menaces available in the environment in which the company operates. Strengths for illustration skilled work force, good systems and strong trade name Failings for illustration unequal resources, high cost base and decelerate internal determinations. Opportunities for illustration dining economic system and stylish merchandise Menaces for illustration – Global competition and industry repute.Porter ‘s five forcesIn add-on to that the SONY Company has to utilize Porter ‘s five forces analysis as a competitory scheme which postulates the impact that other organisations pose on the company. Porter ‘s five forces include ; New entrants, Sony ‘s planetary aspirations and High cost of entry to organize a barrier to entry rivals. Features of replacement merchandises as to whether they are, Cheaper, Different and better Existing participants chiefly competition within the industry such as Apple and Samsung. Suppliers ; Supplier concentration, Bargaining power, Supplier extension every bit good as Fixed/variable cost. Customers ; Buyer concentration, Customer trueness, Switch overing costs and Buyer motivations.Porter ‘s DiamondIn order Sony to accomplish its planetary aspirations, it must be prepared to get the better of strong competition in the planetary electronics concern market. Porter ‘s diamond theory concludes that the state in which the organisation is based can strongly impact the organisation. Harmonizing to Johnson et Al. 2006, the state in which the organisation is based can assist in making a tool of competitory advantage by supplying factors from which the organisation can explicate the advantages. The factors include factor conditions, demand conditions, house ‘s scheme, construction and competition and related and back uping industries. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: The_Porter_Diamond.svgThe Porter ‘s DiamondOrganization ‘s can derive competitiveness utilizing four factors presented in the Porter ‘s diamond scheme ( Matsuyama and Vanderbrink, 2003 ) . The conditions bing in the local environment clime and policies can be tracked utilizing the house ‘s scheme, construction every bit good as competition. Information about competition and local market influence can be collected utilizing demand conditions. If related to Sony Company, the lone factor conditions, which will assist to make competitory advantage, are invention and engineering betterments. Having produced assortments of electronics merchandises, invention will do the company to come up with new, good differentiated merchandises and quality merchandises. In order to accomplish its planetary aspirations Sony Company can utilize merchandise development scheme to ease its advanced patterns.Merchandise developmentNew merchandises in current markets – this may intend perfectly new merchandises or loops of other merchandises to do them more suited to the known market. The benefit to the administration is ; if the new merchandises are successful, the cost of marketing a broader scope of merchandises to the market is less in relation to the larger grosss generated. The hazard involved here is that new merchandises can hold a high failure rate.Execution Challenges in the Global MarketMichael, J. ( 1999 ) International relation of production mediated either by the market through internal minutess of the transnational corporation ( MNCs ) , are distributing quickly to the most parts of the universe. Porter, E ( 1998 ) Trade liberalisation has brought competition among enterprisers in the universe, as consequence ; invention remained the cardinal arm for concern to last within a market. However, alteration within an organisation is a measure frontward toward to acknowledgment of a concern menace. Menace of concern can be internal or external, whichever manner, Koontz and O'Donnell ( 1984 ) Contributed on the issue of direction within an organisation † Five countries were identified which makes directors to be proactive in their public presentations an compulsion with reactivity of clients, invention in all countries of the house, partnership – means sharing across stakeholders and derive connexion with all people around organisation † Harmonizing to the academic school, the Kurt lewin alteration was assumed to be a necessary within the organisation if at all a company mean to convey alteration. However, Howard Stringer ( CEO ) of Sony Company has made some necessary alterations into Sony Company, which lead to some sensible alterationThe jobFrom The company expert analyst major job for Sony was a awkwardness of oversing its merchandise. This job was associated with company civilization which prevented sharing information among other section. When main executive of Sony Company came to gain the job, new scheme was implemented to decide a job. The jobs were solved, but the major 1 was to reconstitute the whole administration. February 2009, in one of ( CEO ) his critical addresss he said â€Å" There is still a batch of the old Sony, and non plenty of the new which constraints our fight † . Haward Stringer said Mintzberg et Al ( 1998 ) the school theoretical account scheme prognosis to do certain that internal and external capableness are step. This means a scheme should be planed diligently from the top to the underside of the administration, by specifying the major obstruction to impede alteration. Otherwise, alteration starts inside, where member of the administration, their mentality should be influenced to get by with the alteration required. Kurt lewin theoretical account argued that alteration has a procedure ; this procedure starts to, dissolving ; traveling and refreezing Cummingss and Worley, ( 2002 ) . However other theoretical account described lewin theoretical account gaining the importance of whole people ( members ) of the administration to back up alteration.it is good thought to act upon bulk get downing from top side of the direction construction to the underside by explicating why alteration was necessary for the administration. This may cut down the impact of opposition for alteration. Ivancevich and Matteson ( 2002 ) There different types of alteration, but alteration of behavior and height and values are the most major which in bend consequences to travel the administration at different degree of production. Harmonizing to the proclamation made by CEO of Sony Company early 2009, foremost and foremost alteration was for organizational civilization, beliefs come from the perceptual experience and consequence it is fruit itself. If the company managed to alter staff beliefs, turn negative height to positive height the consequence is to do alteration happen. Harmonizing to Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of demands, as director should understand the complexness of human demands. If this was instance, â€Å" the inquiry which is raised that, how an employee can run into the organizational demands ( Objectives ) if the company director has non fulfilled an employee demands? † Maslow ‘s theoretical accounts recognised that, nevertheless a basic demands should be fulfilled at least so every bit far as you meet an employee demand from bottom to exceed of the hierarch, perceptual experience of many employees is security. Refreezing degree this is the degree whereby a company a company is looking to brace the alteration in a new manner, confidence to staff is made and they feel unafraid therefore they will be able to present the quality as required by the administration. Example is where by a company will come in into the market chest frontward with a merchandise which meets â€Å" beyond clients the outlook † such as laptops by Sony ‘s merchandise. Very little and easy to maintain into a little pocketbook in fact person with piece in head has to come up with this invention etc. Therefore motive is most of import if truly alterations are planned. The meet a end has been defined, a company will specify how far is looking to make in the market! This inquiry automatically will be answered by the SWOT ANALYSIS discussed in the text above. â€Å" Every civilization has their say! † Swahili linguistic communication acknowledges the usage of the word â€Å" the caput is a moist † significance every determination should be pass foremost to the caput of the administration. Kurt Lewin supported that by back uping to seek support from the caput of the administration.MentionsBurnes, B ( 2004 ) ‘Managing Change ‘ 4th edition, England: Prentice Hall. Cumming, T. G and Worley, C. G ( 2001 ) ‘Organization development and alteration ‘ United statess: South-Western College. Govindarajan, V. and Gupta, A. K. ( 2001 ) ‘Mastering Global Business ‘ Hrsg: Fiscal Time, Great Britain, p.98. Harris, N. ( 2000 ) ‘Business Economicss: Theory and Application ‘ Oxford: UK, p.132 Ivancevich, J. and Matteson, T. ( 2002 ) ‘Organizational Behaviour and Management ‘ 6th edition, North Amarica: McGraw-Hill. Karlof, B. and Gilderson, A. J. ( 1993 ) ‘Business Concept: A Concise Guide ‘ USA: Routledge, p.190.Mark Kennan ( 2010 ) ‘Sony Corporation History & A ; Background ‘ [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/about_5176244_sony-corporation-history-background.html ( Accessed: 3 April 2010 )Michie, Jonathan and Grieve Smith, John ( 1999 ) ‘Global instability: the political economic system of the universe economic administration ‘ London: Ruthledge, p.112. Mintzberg, H. ( 1994 ) ‘The rise and autumn of strategic be aftering ‘ London: FT Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. et Al ( 1998 ) ‘Strategy Safari: The complete usher through the natural states of strategic direction ‘ New York: Prentice Hall. Mullins, L. J. ( 2002 ) ‘Management and organisational behavior ‘ 6th edition, England: Prentice Hall. Raynor, M. E. ( 2007 ) ‘The Strategy Paradox ‘ New York: Doubleday Business. Smartbrief.com ( 2010 ) ‘Sony Corporation ‘ [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smartbrief.com/news/cea/companyData.jsp? companyId=3938 ( Accessed: 4 April 2010 ) Sony Global ( 2010 ) ‘Sony Corp. Info ‘ [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sony.net/ SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/ ( Accessed: 2 April 2010 ) Sony UK ( 2010 ) ‘The History of the Sony Corporation ‘ [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: // www.sony.co.uk/article/id/1060176719725 ( Accessed: 2 April 2010 ) Usb4ever.com ( 2007 ) ‘The History of Sony Corporation ‘ [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: // www.usb4ever.com/Sony/sony-corporation.html ( Accessed: 4 April 2010 ) Whittington, R ( 2001 ) ‘What is scheme, and does it count? ‘ 2nd edition, London: Thomson.

Interpretation of Family Life Education Essay

Family Life Education has endured multiple evolutions, definitions and criteria since its origins in contemporary family science between 1881 and 1920. Currently, Family Life Education has tightened the reigns of its purpose, created fundamental criteria and yet still leads itself to an assortment of interpretations. For the purpose of this paper, I will endeavor to give my individual definition of Family Life Education based on course readings and research, the guiding principle of FLE, a theoretical perspective that supports and, is most relevant to my definition of Family Life Education and, a personal philosophy of ‘education’. What does Family Life Education signify to me? Depending on the company you keep, this is a potentially loaded question. Within the realm of my present circle, the question does hold a realistic explanation. Family life education has been significant in the historical development of several educational enterprises (Arcus, vol. 1, 1993, p. 46); therefore, lending itself to the family life professional to select a track that best complements their own philosophies and professional preparation. The definition by the National Council on Family Relations (2006) sums up what FLE means to me, â€Å"Family life education is the educational effort to strengthen individual and family life through family perspective. The objective of family life education is to enrich and improve the quality of the individual and the family life. † As a future professional in this distinctive field, I strive to possess the many characteristics of a well-rounded practitioner, including, but not limited to, sound knowledge of the professional content and to function, when needed in a multidisciplinary approach. As the possibilities to individual and family composition are endless, the ability to draw from other disciplines is crucial. It is probable that when working with a family for instance that is struggling with an issue, the family life professional would need to utilize an approach that incorporated all of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (1983). In addition, it is also important to note Family life educators have used educational concepts as their solitary approach to ‘multidisciplinary’ intervention (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) and this approach has created concern amongst scholars and professionals alike. To become multi disciplinary, Arcus (1993) offers that through the use of knowledge from a broader range of disciplines and through greater cooperation among the contributing disciplines, true multidisciplinary approach can be attained. As indicated previously, the composition of individual or family is infinite and special attention needs to be paid to issues of diversity. Within the profession of Family Studies, there is particular emphasis on valuing differences and respecting those distinctions (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) furthermore, creating effective working relationships with persons served. Lastly, to complete the puzzle of the well rounded practitioner, one must be able to utilize their own life experiences relevant to family life topics and to honestly accept those experiences as not to furnish hypocritical recommendations. To further personalize my definition of Family Life Education, I have compiled some additional ideas. It is unlikely that a professional in the field of Family Studies is wandering aimlessly without purpose or direction. Typically, they are a part of an organization that is providing services to individuals or families with a set of defined needs. Even more likely it is the responsibility of the professional to design, develop and deliver the services needed by means of effective programming. The Family Life professional becomes the program and an effective program does not rest solely on content (Brindis & Davis, et al, 1998, part IV). The professional must mobilize for action by increasing awareness and generating support of a program, assess the needs and assets of the populations served and build strong foundations that will serve to protect the potential of the program and last, but surely not least, design an effective Family Life Education program. Designing a new or adapted family life education program frequently entails many planning and management issues. The development is easier when the concerns are planned for at the onset. Think about how to advocate for the program, especially in the face of controversy. Expect controversy (Brindis & Davis, et al. 1998, sect. IV). Controversy or conflict is seguing to the subsequent topic, the guiding principles of Family Life Education. Intervention, the anti-conflict: Being proactive in a reactive world. ‘Intervention by way of education’, this statement, in my opinion is the guiding principle to family life education. No matter how you slice it, the opportunity to impart an intervention is endless. Intervention can have many connotations. In day to day life it is regularly defined as an unwelcomed interference. For instance, a wife introduces an intervention for her substance abusing husband, of which does not want to admit to or take responsibility for his addiction. Therefore the husband would characterize the intervention as ‘unwelcomed interference’. For the purpose of family studies, the definition takes a neutral stance to denote the ‘taking of clearly defined actions to induce change’ (Encarta English Dictionary). The change is expected to be positive, indicating harmony or affirmation. Societies evolve along different cultural, religious, historical, economic, geographical, and political paths. At any time, members of different societies view themselves and the world from distinctive perspectives. Yet global trends in communication and information dissemination, entertainment, and other economic and commercial exchanges always affect local realities, sometimes more than people living in those localities fully understand. How children, adolescents, and adults are assigned roles ultimately reflects the convergence of such societal paths and global trends. The preceding statements have the potential to be segue ways and/or roadblocks to the family professional. The professional should establish family life education at an early age, to combat the notion of reaction and to introduce the idea of prevention, lessening the likelihood of ever intervening. The introduction of a program that would counter negative or damaging societal outcomes should implement age appropriate curricula, especially when working solely with school age children, which meets the developmental needs and matches backgrounds and life experiences of all individuals involved. What are â€Å"universal† interventions? As adapted from Family Health International (2001), †¢Offer education and skill-building †¢Engage youth caretakers, including parents, extended family, or other adults such as teachers and youth workers. †¢Engage youth themselves in program design, development, implementation, and evaluation. †¢Ensure access to counseling and other services that respond to the special needs of the individual or family †¢Augment collaboration and effective referrals among existing health and other development agencies and organizations. †¢Coach program site managers, service providers, and others to improve their interactions with individuals and families †¢Have clear goals, target populations, and indicators while building in monitoring and evaluation from the beginning of a project; use such findings to improve strategies and services. The family life professional should strive to maintain balance and realistic programming and to ultimately provide information and activities that encourage skill development that is relevant and useful. Imparting a value system and norms when they are lacking or completely absent to an individual or family is an asset to the overall program, especially when follow through is a potential issue. A basic skill set is at least in place. Last but not least, ensure that your program is based on a solid theoretical model. Ability, Desire and Potential: Why MI theory is relevant to Families â€Å"Successful and unsuccessful people do not vary greatly in their abilities. They vary in their desires to reach their potential. † – John Maxwell During the tenure of this course, Family Study Methodologies, we have encountered many theories and how they are or have been significant to the field of Family Life Education. The theories have run the gamut from their birthplace in social theory and social therapy to a current state of post modern, contemporary status. As indicated by Lavee and Dollahite (1991), there is a weak link between theory and research in modern family science and they go further to say, from multiple points of view, it is imperative to couple theory with research methods. There are multiple approaches to theory and research in the family sciences (Sourcebook, pg. 17) and there is not one that is committed as the ‘flagship theory’ to FLE. Rather the â€Å"interplay between scholars, families and the socio-cultural context that surrounds them† (Sourcebook, pg. 18). These connections should pay special attention to the unique quality of families in society and how these families function within their environment. It is necessary to confirm what I mean by theory within the field of family life education. As defined by Gibbs ( 1972, p.5),sourcebook p 20 theory is â€Å" a set of logically interrelated statements in the form of empirical assertions about properties of infinite classes of events or things†. This definition lends itself to the notion of a conceptual framework, a theory that has not come full circle. Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences fits this description. Although there are several intelligences define which possess a sound theoretical foundation, eight to be exact, there are additional ‘intelligences’ waiting in the wings for validation; therefore supporting the notion of the conceptual framework. Gardner’s theory is relevant to family life education, in part due to its flexible and expandable nature but mostly because the ‘family’ is a phenomenal, progressive body that needs room to evolve, just as MI theory continues to do. References Brindis, C and Davis, L et al. (1998) Designing effective family life education programs. Advocatesforyouth. org. Four sections. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from www. advocateforyouthorg/PUBLICATIONS Lavee, Y. , & Dollahite, D. C. (1991) The linkage between theory and research in family science. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 361-373.

Health Fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Police Report - Assignment Example But instead of lining up, they went to an alley right in the middle of the line and went inside it. There was a stair leading below and opened a steel door casually. The man was greeted with a guard who was dressed in a suit. The wall had a green floral design and they were greeted cordially by the guard in suit whom the man responded by giving him a tip and greeting him â€Å"how are you doing†. They seem to know each other and the man seem to be a frequent customer of the area. The place is dimly lit and looks reddish where they were met by another guard in suit who was eating a burger. The man gave him another tip and they get inside another door. They were met by a man who appears to be a waiter in red suit. They proceeded in the alley where there were scores of men who were dressed like waiters. The man again greeted them cordially and gave pleasantries indicating familiarity of the place. The man opened another door which appears to be a kitchen of a restaurant or club. Again the man seems to be familiar with the people inside who this time were cooks and chef. Until finally, they came in a place which appears to be a club. The man was eagerly met by somebody important in the club and he was called â€Å"Anthony, nice to see you while shaking his hand†. The person who received them called the waiters who quickly assembled table for them. Anthony talked to the people around shaking hands with them and exchanging pleasantries. The woman looked amu sed. He finally sat and the woman was amused that they gave them a suit. The pleasantries continued because another group of men who appears to be important greeted him across the table and raised their glass. The woman who was the date of the man asked â€Å"what do you do?† Anthony replied† I am in construction†. Anthony replied â€Å"You don’t look like you are in construction†. Their conversation was interrupted by the drum

Economics and Economic Change Macroeconomics Essay

Economics and Economic Change Macroeconomics - Essay Example Although globalization is hard to define, when one considers the lives of more than one-fifth of the population of the world, earning less than $1 per day, at stake, it is necessary to address the impacts of globalization. Globalization has increased the income gap in countries such as Pakistan where the government has been unable to keep updated with the latest technological advancements and financial integration (Danacica, 2005). Where globalization implies greater opportunities for economical advancement and progress, it cannot assuage the chances of growing inequalities and cultural uniformity. Moreover it fails to deliver equal advantages to all countries. Markets give reward to those who are well-equipped with appropriate capital, labor and entrepreneurial skills (South Center, 2006). In countries not equipped sufficiently, including those â€Å"under transition†, are harmed by globalization. The impact of globalization on these countries renders environmental issues, so cial disputes and immigration tendencies in them (Danacica, 2005). The integration of markets and the easy flow of capital along with the rapid popularity surge of the internet have contributed to an increase in the demand for skills than as compared to their supply (South Center, 2006). In countries where demand and returns for skills are high, people from other countries will be encouraged to immigrate there. Immigration from the skilled individuals from poorest countries also increases the resultant inequality, since the correct asset for today’s individual is higher education. Another argument presented by critics is that markets are not perfect and there are chances of their failure. One such failure of the market system is pollution, where the polluter can get away with pollution without being accountable for the complete costs of pollution. For instance, the environmental costs of greenhouse gas emissions of the US are levied on poorer countries.

Homework Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework Debate - Essay Example I am not sure that there are really positive effects of homework. I know myself that if I understand the class, homework goes very fast. When I do not, it does not matter whether I have homework because I do not understand what I am doing. I often think that homework is redundant and it really does not help me. I think it is a good idea to practice things, but if your parents cannot help you it does not make a lot of sense. Students have to do more homework because of the No Child Left Behind legislation. Because teachers teach to the standardized tests, we have more homework than ever before and it takes a long time to complete, depending on what grade you are in. There are no statistics that really say that homework is valuable to a student and it is not something that everyone likes to do or that they do it well. Homework also can lower self-esteem. When a student does well on their homework, they get a better grade than if they do not. Many times homework is graded as a separate part of what a student must do to pass. If they do their homework well, they are often happy to do more of it. However, if they do not do well their self-esteem suffers. I know many students who are upset because their homework scores are lower than their test scores and they do not know why; teachers do not explain why these scores are different. Some teachers agree that homework should be abolished. According to Shola Adenekan, some schools are trying to get rid of homework in England. One of the reasons that teachers state is the fact that many children do not have time to play when they have to spend so much time on homework. Many teachers are looking at ways that they may be able to change how homework looks. Research does not support that homework is of value. A 2006 report in Time Magazine by Claudia Wallis describes information from two books about how homework is not of value. Some of the statistics from the report include: 3. Harris Cooper, from Duke University did

Allan's Repair Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Allan's Repair Services - Essay Example Mitre 10: Metcash sells hardware under this brand name. It also involves home improvement solutions for the end consumers. Metcash Ltd operates in the areas of distribution, fresh food, liquor, fast moving consumer goods and hardware. 2: a) Sale of goods accounting for $11517.4 million was the main source of revenue for the Metcash group. b) Cost of sales was the largest expense for Metcash group. It was $10435.3 million in the year 2010. c) The total comprehensive income for the Metcash group was $229.6 million in the year 2010. d) Return on assets= Net income /Total Assets Return on assets for 2009= 203.2/3286.5 =6.18% Return on assets for 2010= 230.3/3639 =6.33% e) Gross profit margin= Gross profit /Revenue Gross profit margin for 2009=1116.6/11067.5 =10.09% Gross profit margin for 2010= 1172.8/11608.1 =10.10% f) There has been a very slight improvement in the profitability of Metcash Ltd. The return on assets increased from 6.18% in 2009 to 6.33% in 2010. This can be attributed t o the higher sales revenue that Metcash earned in the year 2010 compared to the revenue in the year 2009. Although Metcash purchased more assets to generate the higher revenue, the increase in revenue was more than the proportionate increase in total assets. The gross profit margin of Metcash remained relatively stable at 10.1%. This indicates that costs of Metcash remained relatively stable. Even if there was an increase in the costs, it was matched by a similar increase in the selling price to retain the gross profit margin that was earned by Metcash in 2009. 3. a) The total current assets for the Metcash group were $1974.7 million in the year 2010. b) The total current liabilities for the Metcash group were $1448.4 million in the year 2010. c) Current Ratio= Current Assets /Current Liabilities Current Ratio for 2009=1802.4/1309.8 =1.38 times Current Ratio for 2010= 1947.7/1448.4 =1.34 times d) Quick Ratio= Current Assets-Inventory /Current Liabilities Current Ratio for 2009= (180 2.4-680.5)/1309.8 =0.86 times Quick Ratio for 2010= (1947.7-747.2)/1448.4 =0.83 times e) Liquidity ratios measure the ability of a company to pay off its short term debts. The current ratio of Metcash fell from 1.38 times to 1.34 times. This is due to the increase in the trade payables of Metcash Ltd. The reasons of this increase should be investigated since making timely payments to the creditors is essential to obtain trade discounts. Quick ratio includes only the most liquid of the current assets to assess if a company can cover its current liabilities. Metcash Ltd’s quick ratio also fell slightly from 0.86 times in 2009 to 0.83 times in 2010. A quick ratio of less than 1 indicates that Metcash does not have ample liquid assets to cover its short term obligations. Metcash Ltd’s most of the cash is tied up in inventory and Metcash Ltd should take measures to improve its liquidity position. f) Days inventory= (inventory/cost of sales)*365 Days inventory for 2009= (680 .5/9950.9)*365 =24.96 days Days inventory for 2010= (747.2/10435.3)*365 =26.14 days g) Days Debtors= (Account receivables/Revenue)*365 Days Debtors for 2009= (967.7/11067.5)*365 =31.91 days Days Debtors for 2010= (1008/11608.1)*365 =31.70 days h) The days inventory ratio indicate the number of days it takes to sell the inventory. In the case of Metcash Ltd, the inventory days increased from 24.96 days to

Opposing Review of Apple 32GB iPhone 3GS review by PCWORLD.com Essay

Opposing Review of Apple 32GB iPhone 3GS review by PCWORLD.com - Essay Example One touch word selection, copy/paste, improved control over power, downloads and applications, new ways of communication etc are some of the features which makes android 2.3 better than iPhone OS 3.0 upgrade. Another claim about 3GS is the boosted CPU (600MHz) and its RAM (256MB). Samsung galaxy S2 which was released recently has 1.2 GHz dual core processor along with 512 MB RAM. It is evident from the above statistics that Galaxy S2 has pushed 32GB iPhone yards behind. Even 3G, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are functioning at a better rate in Samsung Galaxy S2 compared to iphone 3GS. â€Å"I was pleasantly surprised to have a noticeably better experience navigating apps like Marco Polo CityGuide London, a largely text-based utility with hooks into the Maps app† (Perenson, 2009). Mellissa would have even more surprised if she gets an opportunity to experience the navigation facilities available in Samsung Galaxy S2. GPS/Geo tagging is functioning far better in S2 than in iphone 3GS. The GPS facilities in S2 give you driving time, walking time and running time between two different places. It has the ability to locate your place automatically and guide you to your destination. Another feature of iphone which attracted Mellissa was the enhanced camera facility in iphone 3GS. She says that the 2 MP camera in earlier version was upgraded to 3MP in the newer version of iphone 3GS. It should be noted that Galaxy S2 has 8MP camera at the back and 3 MP camera in front and no other mobile phones in the world at present has superior imaging ability than S2. Another feature of iphone 3 GS which attracted Mellissa was the superior voice control facilities of it. Mellissa says that iphone 3GS is capable of obeying lot of voice commands. She should remember that Galaxy S2 is probably the only phone available now which has the ability to type text messages using voice recognition software. Galaxy S2 can be controlled more effectively through voice commands than iphone 3GS. Melli ssa says that iphone 3GS has superior display than any other phones in the world now. She argues that texts appear on iphone 3GS much sharper than any other phones in the world. Her opinions would have changed, if she gets an opportunity to check the display and touchscreen controls of galaxy S2. Galaxy S2 has definitely superior. Mellissa concluded her review with the following words; â€Å"With 32GB of storage and its data and multimedia strengths, Apple's iPhone 3GS is, despite the reservations noted, one of the best smartphones you can buy for the money† (Mellissa, 2009). Mellissa’s review of iphone appeared on PC World.com in 2009. Her claims could be somewhat true during that period. However, when we compare iphone 3GS now with other smartphones available in the market, we can realize that her concluding words are not relevant now. Samsung Galaxy S2 seems to be a better option than iphone 3GS now. I tried to criticize all the positive claims of Mellissa J. Perens on about iphone in this rebuttal paper. Even though Mellissa J. Perenson mentioned some of the drawbacks of this phone at the beginning of her review, the rest of the review consists of only the positives of this phone. A reader may develop a feeling that this phone is the greatest phone arrived in the market so far. In my opinion,

What considerations do public service managers need to take into Essay

What considerations do public service managers need to take into account in involving members of the public in planning public services. Give an example - Essay Example Public service managers remain in the eye of one and all and they are usually very much accountable as concerns to their public level dealings on a day to day basis. Public service managers need to understand that they are the custodians of the general population of a country and that their actions and behaviors are usually representative of the government which is administering a nation for that matter. Furthermore, they ought to comprehend that public level dealings are not easy to occur since they require a lot of litigation and sequence of activities before they actually are remarked as being complete on the public’s end. They take steps which alleviate poverty within the different segments of a society as well as help at giving the whole culture an uplift, one which will eventually change the basis of the country, region or area whatsoever. Then there are the aspects related with administration of the general public and the different institutions which are working within the public domain. The public sector is governed by these public service managers and they bring to light a number of different issues which are related with the bas ic working regimes coming under the governmental jurisdictions. They are also responsible for the financial dealings that are happening within the governmental ranks and with this we come to know of their basic methodologies that the public service managers actually bring about in the whole related scheme of financial and economic tasks and activities. The reforms are also undertaken time and again and these are some of the very basic steps which are undertaken on a regular basis. The reforms take into consideration the aspects which are related with the working regimes and the do’s and don’ts of the governmental machinery and so on and so forth. The public service managers are responsible for all these tasks

Moments of dramatic tension Essay Example for Free

Moments of dramatic tension Essay Choose two scenes which you consider to be particularly interesting moments of dramatic tension. Write about why they are especially dramatic and why they are important in the play  For this essay I am going to concentrate on the scene at the end of act one in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller. In the previous scene Eddie, the main character, has just been to see Alfieri, a lawyer who once represented Eddies father and also the narrator for this play, for legal and moral advice on what to do. Eddie is confused and needs someone to kick him in the right direction. I know this because Alfieri said that his eyes looked like tunnels. Eddie feels that Rodolfo is gay and is only after his passport. Another reason Eddie is confused is that he loves Catherine too much. Alfieri has just told Eddie that there is nothing that Eddie can do apart from go to the Immigration Bureau or accept the situation and be happy for the two. This leads into this essays scene. It is set in the apartment and opens with Catherine talking about Marco and Rodolfos trip to Africa. I believe that the tension begins to grow when Eddie dismisses her excitement. I think this because I believe Eddie is trying to not think about Rodolfo so is saying so what if they have. It is obvious that Eddie really is interested when he says How long that take you, Marco. Eddie is directing this conversation at Marco and has taken Rodolfo out of the conversation. This shows that Eddie does not like Rodolfo and would rather not think of him. The conversation then carries awhile the tension decreases and the entire family is now into the conversation. Eddie then belittles Beatrice in front of everyone. Beatrice never knew that sardines could not be caught with a hook. I think that this the tension increases with this. Eddie and Beatrices relationship has not been smooth lately and this didnt help.  To release the tension Eddie comes up with a joke. He says that oranges are green and are painted to give them colour. Rodolfo then belittles Eddie by saying pointing out the obvious and saying that lemons are green. I believe he did this because the one of the themes of the book is family loyalty and I think he said this to get revenge for Beatrice. This causes the tension to develop more. Eddie does not want to even talk to Rodolfo let alone be disrespected by him. The tension is then released by Beatrice who changes the topic. This conversation too caries on for sometime and Eddie makes another joke. Eddie says they count the kids and theres a couple extra than when they left? Rodolfo then says that it is stricter in Italy than it is in Brooklyn. Eddie gets offended by this because Rodolfo is saying that American girls (e.g. Catherine) are easier. I believe that the dramatic tension at this point is higher than any part before it. Miller shows the tension by writing stage directions for Eddie to rise and pace up and down. There is then a conversation between Eddie and Rodolfo. Eddie is comparing Rodolfo and Catherines relationship to how one would be in their town in Italy. Beatrice takes Rodolfos side in this argument as she knows where it is going. Marco takes Eddies side as he doesnt want any trouble. Marco also tells Rodolfo off and it is clear that Marco wants this argument to end. An argument begins between Beatrice and Eddie then. They are arguing whether a person is safer during the day or at night . The tension is still on high alert when Catherine asks Rodolfo to dance deliberately to annoy Eddie and show him that nothing will come between the twos relationship. Rodolfo decides not to as he knows that he has already pushed Eddie enough but eventually gives in.  Once again Beatrice lowers the tension by changing the topic. The focus goes back to fishing and it is soon revealed that Rodolfo can cook. Once Eddie hears about it he talks and implies Rodolfos homosexuality but Rodolfo takes it as a compliment. Catherine says that he could get a lot of money with these skills and Eddie agrees with her. Eddie says that if he had the skills he would be no where near the waterfront. The tension is rising again as Miller then wrote that Eddie was unconsciously twisting the newspaper. Everyone knows what he is doing so he carries on the speech. While he is talking the newspaper rips in half. I think that this gets everyone nervous and the scene gets more tense. I believe that it signified Eddie getting an idea in his head, like a light bulb above someone on TV when they get an idea. He asks Marco if he wants to go to see a fight next week. He also asks Rodolfo trying to see his reaction. Boxing is a masculine sport and he thought he was asking a woman. Catherine believes that Eddie is being nice now so she goes to get some coffee. At this point of the scene I think that it is not as tense as it just was but I think that everyone is still nervous. Eddie and Rodolfo then begin to spar and I believe that the audience are now at the edge of their seats waiting to see what will happen. Everyone is impressed thinking that Eddie is making the effort to try to like Rodolfo, but then Eddie comes with a trick attack and lands a blow on Rodolfo. It then becomes clear what Eddies intensions were, he wanted an excuse to take his anger on Rodolfo out. Rodolfo does not want to make anything worse so he says that it didnt hurl him and only surprised him. The tension once again is high and Rodolfo asks Catherine to dance to annoy Eddie. He is saying that nothing will get between Catherine and his relationship. Marco then comes and sits a chair in front of Eddie. He challenges him to lift to it from the bottom with one hand. Eddie thinks that this will be easy but soon finds out that it isnt when he fails. Marco then lifts it above his head to show that he is stronger. Until now Marco had always been on his side by apologising for his brother, Rodolfo, but Eddie has now lost his only supporter. The tension rises as they stare at each other and Marco smiles. Another thing that adds tension here is the stage directions. They say that Marco held the chair like a weapon. This creates tension as it shows that Marco is threatening Eddie. The scene finished with the tension very high and with Eddie physically threatened. In this scene Arthur Miller has used many ways to show the tension rising. One of these was writing the stage directions. This creates visual images which are really important as they stress the tension; it shows the reader what the audience sees and also shows the tension. Another way he showed the tension was by making the sentences longer. This slows down the pace of the play and created tension. Another way he shows tension is by adding pauses. These add silence and make the audience/reader want to know what happens next. It also gives a moment for the tension to rise.

Effect of Ph on Growth Rate of Mung Beans

Effect of Ph on Growth Rate of Mung Beans Mung beans are used in several food productions, both as a whole seed and in processed form. According to sprouting expert sprout people, mung beans are most consumed sprout on this planet and are primarily grown in major farmlands in China, Hong Kong and other countries in Asia. Mung beans are widely utilized in Chinese cuisine as well as in the cuisines of Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and many other countries in Asia. Mung beans grow poorly in both acidic and alkaline environment hence acidic rain could potentially directly affect the growth of mung beans growing under the environment in a long term perspective, this derives the research question. Secondary research on the profile of mung beans were studied and the optimal pH level for mung beans to grow is pH 6.2 to 7.2 and the experiment was designed to investigates in to the effect of pH level of soil (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5) on the growth rate of mung beans during a three week experiment, investigating to what extent pH level of soil could affect the growth on mung beans. Growth rate is assessed by measuring and calculating the percentage change for the following indicators: stem height, leaf length, number of leaves. 1 Introduction The research question is: What is the effect of pH level on the growth rate of mung beans? This investigation aims to investigate and analyze the effects of pH on the growth rate of mung beans with a 3 week experiment as 2 weeks is certainly enough time for the mung beans to complete (sprout people) . The purpose is to determine at which pH levels of solution will cause the most growth and at which pH levels slow down or stop the growth of the mung beans. I chose to use a pH range of 5.0 9.5 for this experiment as too high or too low pH levels would potentially prevent the plants from growing. This investigation is composed of secondary researches, analysis of data and experimentation designed to collect data on pH level of soil and the growth rate of mung beans to explain the correlation between pH level and the growth of mung beans. This is substantial as it gives an important scope of the possible result of long term acid rain in Hong Kong because the pH level of acid rain may vary from a pH level of 5.6 to a low of 4.5 with the average value of 5.0 (Charles E. Ophardt). Therefore acid rain can be represented by a solution with a pH level of 5.0, simulating the effect of acid rain on the growth rate of plants. 2 Investigation Figure 1 shows the pH scale. For the any plants grow in a healthy condition, certain pH levels are critical to the growth of the plants. These different levels of pH are sure to affect the growth of the plants. For the majority of plants, it is best to have an acidic to neutral pH level (pH 6.0 to pH 7.0). Plants are incapable to grow without nutrients which are normally found in soil, if the plants are grown in an acidic soil for example >pH5, the natural nutrients in the acidic soil filtered out of the soil much more rapidly than from soils with the value between 5.0 and 7.5. (Leonard Perry, 2003) whereas between 5.0 and 6.5, natural nutrients are commonly accessible for the plants. Therefore in this investigation, pH range from 1.0 to 5.0 and 9.0 to 14.0 that will stop the plant from growing will not be included in this experiment. Figure 1 shows the pH scale and examples of solution at each pH level. Figure 1 also shows that acid rain has a pH level of around 4.5 5.0. This theoretically suggests that acid rain could potentially filter out the nutrients in the soil hence decreasing or stopping the growth of the plants as they are unable absorb optimal amount of nutrients in order to grow. Therefore, hypothetically, pH 5.0 in this experiment will experience very little growth or it will be unable to sustain itself and die in a very short period of time. 2.1 pH level of solution experiment design In this experiment, pH level of solution is considered because it is the most important factor required to determine the growth of the mung beans and it was chosen because I want to determine what pH solution is best suited for the growth rate of mung beans as well as to simulate the acid rain in Hong Kong to examine the effect acidic rainfall on the soil and how it affect the growth of mung beans in farmlands. Therefore other independent variables such as temperature and light intensity were excluded from this experiment. In order to record sufficient data on the overall growth rate of the mung beans in this experiment, three parameter including stem height, length of leaves, number of leaves are chosen as dependent variables to identify the possible effects of different pH on the growth the mung beans. Stem Height: Determine the height of the stem by measuring the height from the border of the pot to the top of the mung bean stem Length of leaves: Determine the length of leaves by measuring the distance from one end to another end Number of leaves: Determine the number of leaves by counting the amount of leaves in the mung beans. Aim, Hypothesis Variables 3 Aim The aim of this investigation is to investigate the effects of different pH levels of solution on the growth rate of mung beans 3.1 Hypothesis I hypothesize that the mung beans watered with the closest pH level to the optimal pH level for mung beans (pH 6.2 to 7.2), the more growth mung beans will gain. Any soil condition below or above the optimal pH level for example 5.0 6.0 or 7.5-9.5 will negatively affect the growth of mung beans. Therefore I also hypothesize the pattern of the curve for the growth rate of mung beans will experience a Bell Shape curve. 3.2 Explanation of Hypothesis PH level stands for potential hydrogen and the pH level of any solution is the measure of its hydrogen-ion concentration. Mung beans, like most plants are required to absorb nutrients from the soil in order to grow. Soil is a mixture of sand, silt, clay and organic matters. Soil with low pH level will filter out the nutrients needed for the plants to grow therefore the pH level will affect the availability of nutrients for the plants. If the pH level is too acidic, the mung beans cannot absorb as much as nutrients than in pH 6.2 to 7.2. Therefore stem height, length of leaves and the number of leaves will decrease at the pH range of 5.0 6.0, increase at the range of 6.0 7.0 and decrease at the range of 7.5 9.5, creating a bell shape curve when the data are plotted on a graph. This is because at pH 6.0 7.0 is very close to the optimal pH level, the nutrients are not filtered out and therefore there will be more plant nutrients for the mung beans to absorb and grow. Since most grow th will be experienced at pH 6.0 7.0, this will create a bell shape curve. 3.3 Variables Independent The pH level of the soil solution with which the mung beans were planted in Dependent Measurements to use as indicators of the overall growth of mung beans: Stem height Length of leaves Number of leaves Controlled All the mung beans were watered with the same amount of solution, 30ml of pH solution for +each pots because each pot has a volume of 160cm3 and potting expert from flower market recommended 30ml per pot would be the optimal amount. Same time of the day at the same intervals. (Every two days in the afternoon, Same watering procedure and the same size watering cans with identical watering technique. (No external water is to come in contact with the plants because the experiment undergo in a dark concealed room.) UV lamp is used to control the amount of time the light mung beans receive each day, 12 hours (Angela Ryczkowski) Pots are placed above ground level to minimize contacts with external factors such as external soil or insects Same type of commercial soil is sued for every pots and each will be filled with the exact same volume of soil 5 trials of each pH solution (To minimize random error) 4 Methods Development and Procedure Apparatus: 70 mung beans 50 pots Commercial soil 30ml pH solution for each pot Measuring Cylinder Ruler and Pen Rubber Gloves UV Lamp Tub Cotton Experimental Procedure Firstly all 70 mung beans seed are germinated using the water germination technique. Soaked cottons are put in to the tub to create a layer of wet surface. After 48 hours (sprout people), choose 50 mung beans that have successfully germinated and the length of the root must be at least 0.4 0.5 cm they are at similar stage. PH solution is use to control the different pH level in the soil and then the beans are then put into the planting pots. According to plotting expert in the flower market, plotting pot with a volume of 160cm3 should be half filled with soil (53 grams) and an additional 10 grams of soil should be sprinkle on top of the seed to create a thin layer that would cover the surface area of the pot and patting down the soil gently. The pots will be labeled according to the pH of the soil that is inside the pot. Each plant will be watered with 30ml of pH solution every two days and measurements were taken every three days. The following measurements will be recorded when th e bean starts sprouting and penetrate through the thin layer of soil: stem height, leaf length, and the number of leaves. This experiment will require three weeks watering treatment because mung beans usually require 2 weeks to reach its post germination stage with developed root system and 3 weeks will allow it to reach closer to its maturation stage, therefore if my hypothesis is correct, the trend will be obvious at this stage. The same measurements will be two times a week. With the collected data, create a table that would allow me to construct a graph that can show and analyze the correlation between the pH level in the soil and the growth rate of mung beans.

Glorious Sceptre :: essays research papers

The Immortal Sceptre Within the Iliad Homer portrays through association and symbolism the sceptre as a representation of divine power. Agamemnon is the nominal owner of this sceptre, on which much emphasis is placed in the early stages of the poem. This relic, a sceptre once owned by Zeus, has a kingly and divine past and, as a result, is a symbol of authority, power, and recognition within the kingdom of Greece. Homer’s discussion of the sceptre in Books I and II serves to elucidate these characteristics of the sceptre. In the earlier stages of book II, Homer establishes the godly and noble history of the sceptre. Through a slight digression in the story line, Homer gives the reader a brief overview of its former owners: "Hephaistus gave it to Zeus the king, the son of Kronos, and Zeus in turn gave it to the courier Argeiphontes, and lord Hermes gave it to Pelops, driver of horses, and Pelops again gave it to Atreus, the shepherd of the people. Atreus dying left it Thyestes of the rich flocks, and Thyestes left it in turn to Agamemnon to carry and to be lord of many islands over all Argos. (II, 102-109)" In naming Hephaistus, Zeus, Hermes, and the kings of Mycenae, Homer describes a legacy that enhances the sceptre’s image as a token of influence and power. Moreover, it is important to note that the sceptre was not conceived by a mortal, but rather by Hephaistus. Using the wood from a living tree in the mountains, he constructed an immortal device for Zeus. Hephaistus’ creation of the sceptre both bolsters the notion of the sceptre’s divinity, and strengthens its image as a symbol of influence and recognition. In Book I of the poem, Achilles takes oath upon the sceptre. In his oath, Achilles states his intent to withdraw from the army and swears that the Achaians will one day regret their irreverence. However, before anything is sworn, Homer has Achilles describe the sceptre by stating that it "never again will bear leaf nor branch, now that it has left behind the cut stump in the mountains, nor shall it ever blossom again, since the bronze blade stripped bark and leafage" (I, 233-237). Achilles emphasizes the sceptre’s imperishability and endurance as a symbol. Lacking life and therefore lacking the prospect of death, the sceptre is, in a sense, immortal, giving reason for its divine connotations. Glorious Sceptre :: essays research papers The Immortal Sceptre Within the Iliad Homer portrays through association and symbolism the sceptre as a representation of divine power. Agamemnon is the nominal owner of this sceptre, on which much emphasis is placed in the early stages of the poem. This relic, a sceptre once owned by Zeus, has a kingly and divine past and, as a result, is a symbol of authority, power, and recognition within the kingdom of Greece. Homer’s discussion of the sceptre in Books I and II serves to elucidate these characteristics of the sceptre. In the earlier stages of book II, Homer establishes the godly and noble history of the sceptre. Through a slight digression in the story line, Homer gives the reader a brief overview of its former owners: "Hephaistus gave it to Zeus the king, the son of Kronos, and Zeus in turn gave it to the courier Argeiphontes, and lord Hermes gave it to Pelops, driver of horses, and Pelops again gave it to Atreus, the shepherd of the people. Atreus dying left it Thyestes of the rich flocks, and Thyestes left it in turn to Agamemnon to carry and to be lord of many islands over all Argos. (II, 102-109)" In naming Hephaistus, Zeus, Hermes, and the kings of Mycenae, Homer describes a legacy that enhances the sceptre’s image as a token of influence and power. Moreover, it is important to note that the sceptre was not conceived by a mortal, but rather by Hephaistus. Using the wood from a living tree in the mountains, he constructed an immortal device for Zeus. Hephaistus’ creation of the sceptre both bolsters the notion of the sceptre’s divinity, and strengthens its image as a symbol of influence and recognition. In Book I of the poem, Achilles takes oath upon the sceptre. In his oath, Achilles states his intent to withdraw from the army and swears that the Achaians will one day regret their irreverence. However, before anything is sworn, Homer has Achilles describe the sceptre by stating that it "never again will bear leaf nor branch, now that it has left behind the cut stump in the mountains, nor shall it ever blossom again, since the bronze blade stripped bark and leafage" (I, 233-237). Achilles emphasizes the sceptre’s imperishability and endurance as a symbol. Lacking life and therefore lacking the prospect of death, the sceptre is, in a sense, immortal, giving reason for its divine connotations.

Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter starts off slow, but gets very interesting near the end. In the beginning, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s aunt, uncle, and their son Dudley. Then you learn that Harry’s parents were witches, and that they were destroyed by a evil wizard. A good witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, because they’re his only remaining family. The Dursleys however, hated Harry and his family, so Harry was mistreated for years. He was forced to live in a cuborrod under the stairs. He had to watch as the fat, stuck up Dudley got whatever he wanted, and then usually broke whatever it was he got. Then one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was beginning to read the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. After reading the... Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay examples -- Essays Papers Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter starts off slow, but gets very interesting near the end. In the beginning, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s aunt, uncle, and their son Dudley. Then you learn that Harry’s parents were witches, and that they were destroyed by a evil wizard. A good witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, because they’re his only remaining family. The Dursleys however, hated Harry and his family, so Harry was mistreated for years. He was forced to live in a cuborrod under the stairs. He had to watch as the fat, stuck up Dudley got whatever he wanted, and then usually broke whatever it was he got. Then one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was beginning to read the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. After reading the...

Effectiveness Of The Articles of Confederation :: Free Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation were incapable of providing the United States with an effective form of government. The Articles of Confederation presided weakly over the government as it allowed little or no power to tax, control trade, and branches of government were missing. In addition to this, the thirteen states acted as separate nations and the national government had little control over them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As seen in Document C, Congress had so little money that it couldn’t afford to pay the army their bonuses. The army, of course, was discontented in this lack of action and thought they were being treated unjustly. The delay was so slow that the army did not think they were going to get paid. This, in itself, exhibits the great need for the national government to acquire the power to tax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Document D openly shows the little power that the national government is in control of. In the document, the U.S. attempted to remove British troops off of U.S. soil and had quite a time trying to do so. The British had no respect for the U.S. government because of the little power it had, all of the power was in the hands of the states. The thirteen states acted like thirteen separate nations as they, for the most part, functioned as they pleased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Document G reveals the discontent of the people in the ineffectiveness of their national government under the Articles of Confederation. John Jay (Secretary of Foreign Affairs and great international negotiator), expresses this discontent of the people through a letter of concern to George Washington. He foreshadowed some sort of revolt, crisis, or revolution and expressed his feeling of uneasiness and the need for change. Shay’s rebellion turned out to be a milestone because it set a need for a new national government, the revolt was against the government of Massachusetts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation had both high and low points, but, the low greatly outweighed the high.

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill CheckPoint 1 According to the article by Jim Mann, from the Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, (2012) he states how the involvement in the criminal justice system with mentally ill offenders was profoundly affected by the decision which resulted in large numbers of mental hospital patients returning to the community during the mid-1970s.The article states that after an examination of the characteristics of mental health courts was conducted, the consensus results indicated that with the release of mental health patients into a community came the increase in crime rates. The article I researched was very brief, but lead me in the direction of crime levels within the community. Once individuals were released from the institutions, crime rates statistically increased, according to the data provided by the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project stated that crime jumped greatly over a period of time.People decided to try the event o f deinstitutionalization in an attempt to save money for both the hospitals as well as individuals. They believed that a prescription drug was and would be cheaper than the cost of twenty-four hour care within an institution. About this time era is when the development of psychiatric drugs started coming into the picture. Unfortunately, according to these statistics, crime levels did increase since the start of deinstitutionalization.My local community is fairly small, but for has a high crime rate for how small it is. We do have an institution here in town for the mentally ill, but the majority of the people that are here and have committed crimes and have done some serious issues due to being mentally ill, basically just get a slap on the hand. My community for the most part is great when it comes to helping people out with certain situations; however, our police department is horrible and lazy. THEY are the waste of money, not our institutions.Anyways, within my community, we do have a homeless shelter, where housing is provided for families, and we also have assistance groups for victims of domestic violence. We also have a family planning clinic that runs solely on donations and provides birth control as well as condoms at no cost. We also have low income clinics that help people and provide health care, dental care, and mental health at charges all based on an individual’s family size and income. Basically, my local community is great for helping people, except for our police department.

What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning

WHAT ARE THE STATISTICS ON COOPERATIVE LEARNING ANYWAY? Cooperative learning has been debated by educators for a long time and continues to be questioned today. Many educators feel that cooperative learning strips students of the benefits of direct instruction. Proponents of homogeneous learning tend to stray from cooperative learning because it seems to deprive gifted students of learning with their gifted peers.Five studies will be summarized that look at different aspects of cooperative learning: effects with the learning disabled, the advantage of helping behaviors, math achievement, strategic reading in groups, social support, and heterogeneous vs. homogeneous grouping. A study was conducted to find out if students with learning difficulties interacted positively in cooperative learning groups. This study also looked at the importance of training students to work together as opposed to just putting them in groups to complete tasks (Gillies & Ashman, 2000). The study looked at 15 2 third grade students from Australia.Twenty-two of those students had learning difficulties (12 boys and 10 girls). The students were randomly placed in cooperative learning groups of five to six students consisting of one high-ability student, two medium-ability students, and one low-ability student. The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test measured learning ability and grade level readiness. An ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the structured groups (those trained to work cooperatively) and the unstructured groups (those not trained to work together) at the onset of the study.During the study period the structured group received the treatment of cooperative learning training before completing a social studies unit (independent variable). The unstructured group was encouraged to work together as a group and given the same time period to complete the social studies unit, but they never received training for such group work. The students were videotaped twice during the study to observe behaviors and interactions, and they were given comprehension and word reading pre- and posttests. The researchers focused their findings on the students with learning difficulties.There was no significant difference in the behaviors of students in the structured or unstructured groups. However, there were significant findings regarding group interactions. Those students in the structured groups interacted and benefited from interactions significantly more than students in the unstructured groups. Students in the structured group also reached greater achievement on the comprehension posttest than those from the unstructured groups. No significant findings resulted in the word reading posttest between the two groups.The authors did find that this study supported that students with learning difficulties do benefit from working in small, structured cooperative groups (Gillies & Ashman, 2000). Nattiv’s study of cooperative learning (1994) focused on four topics: Do helping behaviors found in cooperative groups have a link to achievement gains in third, fourth, and fifth grade math students? Did gender, grade, or ability level within cooperative groups affect achievement? Do all helping behaviors benefit academic achievement? Does gender, grade, or ability level have an effect on the helping behaviors exhibited? Nattiv, 1994)). The subjects included 36 third-grade students, 34 fourth-grade students, and 31 fifth-grade students. Fifty-four of those students were male and the remaining 47 were females. The children were ability grouped from the results of the California Test of Basic Skills and the Southwest Regional Lab (both math assessments). Males and females were separately grouped as high-, medium-, and low-ability. The author states that these pretest results could be seen as achievement rather than ability, but the teachers of the students were consulted about the placement of the students (Nattiv, 1994).All of the students received d irect instruction, modeling, and practice of helping behaviors in cooperative group learning. Teachers also received training in this area. The groups, then, participated in grade-level appropriate math units. Students were further encouraged to work cooperatively because individual improvement on assessments also earned team points. Data was collected by audio and video recordings. The research team hypothesized that helping behaviors would be related to achievement. Achievement gain would be used as the dependent variable and would be measured by an ANCOVA test.The team found that there was a significant relationship to students using helping behaviors in cooperative learning groups to academic achievement gain. The only behaviors that did not show significant growth were the giving and receiving of answers without explanation (Nattiv, 1994). Another study conducted in Southeastern United States focused on a different type of cooperative learning called Collaborative Strategic Rea ding. Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (1998) sought to discover if this program would be effective in a heterogeneous classroom.They further wanted to analyze reading comprehension, social studies content, and student interactions in conjunction with this technique (Klingner, Vaughn, & Schumm, 1998). The participants included 141 students. Eighty-five students were split into three classes to represent the treatment group (or intervention condition), and 56 students were split into two classes to represent the control condition. To ensure equal groupings the students were assessed with the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, then paired and randomly assigned to conditions.Both conditions received the same instruction, number of sessions, time periods per session, and homework activities. The intervention condition received instructions on how to use specific reading strategies to read strategically. The strategies were modeled, practiced, used in small groups, and then encouraged wh en students broke off into their cooperative groups of five to six students. The control condition received direct instruction for the same social studies material and participated in all lessons as a whole group.Sessions within the intervention condition were audiotaped to hear student interactions. The Gates-MacGinitie Standardized Reading test and a social studies unit test served as dependent variables to measure student achievement. The researchers of this study did find these strategies to be successful. The strategies caused the students of the intervention condition to participate more and discuss more academic content. The students also received higher achievement gains in reading comprehension, while also finding success on the social studies testing.LD students and LEP students did not show statistically significant growth, but did show some growth. Not all of the strategies proved to be successful for the intervention condition, but most did serve their purpose (Klingner , et al. , 1998). Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, and Richards (2001) were only interested in the social aspects of cooperative learning. â€Å"The purpose of the present study was to determine whether cooperative learning experiences are related to social support in the classroom,† (Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, & Richards, 2001).The researchers used The Classroom Life Instrument to measure their data. It included 59 Likert-type questions rating statements on a five point scale of truthfulness. The measure was taken in November and January of the same school year. The sample included five eighth-grade classes with 45 girls and 46 boys. They were divided by those who reported being in cooperative groups less than half of the time (35 students) and participating half of the time or more (56 students). The hypothesis was that students would feel more social support in classrooms experiencing cooperative learning more often.Between November and January, research found that students did indeed feel more support with more exposure to cooperative learning. Support was felt by teachers and other students. Students felt more comfortable with materials presented and felt less alienated in the classroom. Students felt more responsible for what they were doing and had a better relationship among classmates both academically and personally (Johnson, et al. , 2001). Grouping students heterogeneously is typically a cooperative learning â€Å"must. Watson and Marshall (1995) wanted to test that theory in a study comparing the effectiveness of heterogeneous grouping and homogeneous grouping in cooperative task structures (Watson & Marshall, 1995). Thirty-five undergraduate elementary education students in a life science class were chosen to participate in this study. In this 13 week treatment, the independent variable was in the grouping of students. Six of the groups were arranged heterogeneously and six groups were arranged homogeneously.All groups were exposed to cooperati ve task structures, cooperative incentive structures, and individual accountability. Control was measured by the National Association of Biology Teachers/ National Science Teachers Association test (form A) before the treatment began. The dependent variable was taken from the results of the NABT/NSTA (form B) posttest. A five-item, five-point Liken scale was used to measure student response to the cooperative learning experiences. The authors felt that greater achievement would be gained by students heterogeneously placed in cooperative learning groups. They were rejected.Findings indicated no significant difference in test results from the heterogeneous groups to the homogeneous groups. In fact, in measuring the students’ perceptions of their experiences the homogeneous groups rated their experiences higher than those of the heterogeneous groups. The authors concluded that further studies should be done to find out if heterogeneous grouping is the most beneficial in all coop erative learning tasks (Watson & Marshall, 1995). I am a strong supporter, and user, of cooperative learning. I feel that students best learn from the modeling of those they can relate to most: their peers.After reviewing these studies I have not only gained a better understanding of what might be needed to strengthen cooperative learning in the education of my students, but I also feel validated in my use of cooperative learning as an effective learning tool. While some of the researchers did reject initial hypotheses, all of them showed value in the practice of cooperative learning. It is important to teach students how to work cooperatively, model good helping behaviors, and help students to receive not only strong academic support but strong social support as well.Finally, heterogeneous grouping may not be best in every experience in the classroom. Different group experiences may be needed to enhance the benefits. References Gillies, R. M. & Ashman, A. F. (2000). The effects of cooperative learning on students with learning difficulties in the lower elementary school. Journal of Special Education, 34(1), 19-27. Johnson, D. W. , Johnson, R. T. , Buckman, L. A. , & Richards, P. S. (2001). The effect of prolonged implementation of cooperative learning on social support within the classroom. The Journal of Psychology, 119(5), 405-411.Klingner, J. K. , Vaughn, S. , & Schumm, J. S. (1998). Collaborative strategic reading during social studies in heterogeneous fourth-grade classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 99(1), 3-22. Nattiv, A. (1994). Helping behaviors and math achievement gain of students using cooperative learning. The Elementary School Journal, 94(3), 285-297. Watson, S. B. & Marshall, J. E. (1995). Heterogeneous grouping as an element of cooperative learning in an elementary education science course. School Science & Mathematics, 95(8), 401-406.

Project on Demat Account

The term Demat, in India, refers to a dematerialised account. For individual Indian citizens to trade in listed stocks or debentures. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) requires the investor to maintain a Demat account. In a demat account shares and securities are held in electronic form instead of taking actual possession of certificates. A Demat Account is opened by the investor while registering with an investment broker (or sub broker). The Demat account number which is quoted for all transactions to enable electronic settlements of trades to take place.Access to the demat account requires an internet password and a transaction password as well as initiating and confirming transfers or purchases of securities. Purchases and sales of securities on the Demat account are automatically made once transactions are executed and completed. | | Advantages of Demat The demat account reduces brokerage charges, makes pledging/hypothecation of shares easier, enables quick ownership of securities on settlement resulting in increased liquidity, avoids confusion in the ownership title of securities, and provides easy receipt of public issue allotments.It also helps you avoid bad deliveries caused by signature mismatch, postal delays and loss of certificates in transit. Further, it eliminates risks associated with forgery, counterfeiting and loss due to fire, theft or mutilation. Demat account holders can also avoid stamp duty (as against 0. 5 per cent payable on physical shares), avoid filling up of transfer deeds, and obtain quick receipt of such benefits as stock splits and bonuses. Indian Market ScenarioIndian capital market has seen unprecedented boom in its activity in the last 15 years in terms of number of stock exchanges, listed companies, trade volumes, market intermediaries, investor population, etc. However, this surge in activity has brought with it numerous problems that threaten the very survival of the capital markets in the long run, most of whic h are due to the large volume of paper work involved and paper based trading, clearing and settlement. Until the late eighties, the common man kept away from apital market and thus the quantum of funds mobilized through the market was meager. A major problem, however, continued to plague the market. The Indian markets were drowned in shares in the form of paper and hence it was problematic to handle them. Fake and stolen shares, fake signatures and signature mismatch, duplication and mutilation of shares, transfer problems, etc. The investors were scared and were under compensated for the risk borne by them. The century old system of trading and settlement requires handling of huge volumes of paper work.This has made the investors, both retail and institutional, wary of entering the capital market. However, lack of modernization become a hindrance to growth and resulted in creation of cumbersome procedures and paper work. However, the real growth and change occurred from mid-eightie s in the wake of liberalization initiatives of the Government. The reforms in the financial sector were envisaged in the banking sector, capital market, securities market regulation, mutual funds, foreign investments and Government control.These institutions and stock exchanges experienced that the certificates are the main cause of investors` disputes and arbitration cases. Since the paper work was not matching the rapid growth so there was a need for a better system to ensure removal of these impediments. Government of India decided to set up a fully automated and high technology based model exchange that could offer screen-based trading and depositories as the ultimate answer to all such reforms and eliminate various bottlenecks in the capital market, particularly, the clearing and settlement system in stock exchanges. 1] A depository in very simple terms is a pool of pre-verified shares held in electronic mode which offers settlement of transactions in an efficient and effective way. Object Of Demat System India has adopted this system in which book entry is done electronically. It is the system where no paper is involved. Physical form is extinguished and shares or securities are held in electronic mode. Before the introduction of the depository system by the Depository Act, 1996, the process of sale, purchase and transfer of shares was a huge problem and the safety perspective was zero.Demat Benefits The benefits are enumerated as follows: . Its a safe and convenient way to hold securities . Immediate transfer of securities is there . There is no stamp duty on transfer of securities . Elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as bad delivery, fake securities, delays, thefts etc. . There is a major reduction in paperwork involved in transfer of securities,reduction in transaction cost etc. . No odd lot problem, even one share can be sold thus there is advantage .Change in address recorded with DP gets registered with all companies in which investor holds securities electronically eliminating the need to correspond with each of them separately; †¢ Transmission of securities is done by DP eliminating correspondence with companies; †¢ Automatic credit into demat account of shares, arising out of bonus/split/consolidation/merger etc. †¢ Holding investments in equity and debt instruments in a single account. Benefit to the Company The depository system helps in reducing the cost of new issues due to less printing and distribution cost.It increases the efficiency of the registrars and transfer agents and the Secretarial Department of the company. It provides better facilities for communication and timely services with shareholders, investor etc. Benefit to the Investor The depository system reduces risks involved in holding physical certificated, e. g. , loss, theft, mutilation, forgery, etc. It ensures transfer settlements and reduces delay in registration of shares. It ensures faster communication to investors. It helps avoid bad delivery problem due to signature differences, etc. It ensures faster payment on sale of shares. No stamp duty is paid on transfer of shares.It provides more acceptability and liquidity of securities. Benefits to Brokers The depository system reduces risk of delayed settlement. It ensures greater profit due to increase in volume of trading. It eliminates chances of forgery – bad delivery. It increases overall of trading and profitability. It increases confidence in investors. Demat conversion Converting physical holding into electronic holding (dematerialising securities) In order to dematerialise physical securities one has to fill in a DRF (Demat Request Form) which is available with the DP and submit the same along with physical certificates one wishes to dematerialise.Separate DRF has to be filled for each ISIN Number. The complete process of dematerialisation is outlined below: †¢ Surrender certificates for dematerialisation to your de pository participant. †¢ Depository participant intimates Depository of the request through the system. †¢ Depository participant submits the certificates to the registrar of the Issuer Company. †¢ Registrar confirms the dematerialisation request from depository. †¢ After dematerialising the certificates, Registrar updates accounts and informs depository of the completion of dematerialisation. †¢ Depository updates its accounts and informs the depository participant. Depository participant updates the demat account of the investor. Demat Options Banks score over others Around 200 â€Å"depository participants† (DPs) offer the demat account facility. A comparison of the fees charged by different DPs is detailed below. But there are three distinct advantages of having a demat account with a bank — quick processing, accessibility and online transaction. Generally, banks credit your demat account with shares in case of purchase, or credit your savi ngs accounts with the proceeds of a sale on the third day. Banks are also advantageous because of the number of branches they have.Some banks give the option of opening a demat account in any branch, while others restrict themselves to a select set of branches. Some private banks also provide online access to the demat account. So, you can check on your holdings, transactions and status of requests through the net banking facility. A broker who acts as a DP may not be able to provide these services. Fees Involved There are four major charges usually levied on a demat account: Account opening fee, annual maintenance fee, custodian fee and transaction fee. All the charges vary from DP to DP. Account-opening feeDepending on the DP, there may or may not be an opening account fee. Private banks, such as HDFC Bank and UTI Bank, do not have one. However, players such as ICICI Bank, Globe Capital, Karvy Consultants and the State Bank of India to do so. But most players levy this when you re -open a demat account, though the Stock Holding Corporation offers a lifetime account opening fee, which allows you to hold on to your demat account over a long period. This fee is refundable. Annual maintenance fee This is also known as folio maintenance charges, and is generally levied in advance. Custodian feeThis fee is charged monthly and depends on the number of securities (international securities identification numbers — ISIN) held in the account. It generally ranges between Rs 0. 5 to Rs 1 per ISIN per month. DPs will not charge custody fee for ISIN on which the companies have paid one-time custody charges to the depository. Transaction fee The transaction fee is charged for crediting/debiting securities to and from the account on a monthly basis. While some DPs, such as SBI, charge a flat fee per transaction, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank peg the fee to the transaction value, subject to a minimum amount.The fee also differs based on the kind of transaction (buying or sel ling). Some DPs charge only for debiting the securities while others charge for both. The DPs also charge if your instruction to buy/sell fails or is rejected. In addition, service tax is also charged by the DPs. In addition to the other fees, the DP also charges a fee for converting the shares from the physical to the electronic form or vice-versa. This fee varies for both demat and remat requests. For demat, some DPs charge a flat fee per request in addition to the variable fee per certificate, while others charge only the variable fee.For instance, Stock Holding Corporation charges Rs 25 as the request fee and Rs 3 per certificate as the variable fee. However, SBI charges only the variable fee, which is Rs 3 per certificate. Remat requests also have charges akin to that of demat. However, variable charges for remat are generally higher than demat. Some of the additional features (usually offered by banks) are as follows. Some DPs offer a frequent trader account, where they charge frequent traders at lower rates than the standard charges.Demat account holders are generally required to pay the DP an advance fee for each account which will be adjusted against the various service charges. The account holder needs to raise the balance when it falls below a certain amount prescribed by the DP. However, if you also hold a savings account with the DP you can provide a debit authorisation to the DP for paying this charge. Finally, once you choose your DP, it will be prudent to keep all your accounts with that DP, so that tracking your capital gains liability is easier.This is because, for calculating capital gains tax, the period of holding will be determined by the DP and different DPs follow different methods. For instance, ICICI Bank uses the first in first out (FIFO) method to compute the period of holding. The proof of the cost of acquisition will be the contract note. The computation of capital gains is done account-wise. Opening an account Steps involved in o pening a demat account First an investor has to approach a DP and fill up an account opening form.The account opening form must be supported by copies of any one of the approved documents to serve as proof of identity (POI) and proof of address (POA) as specified by SEBI. Besides, production of PAN card in original at the time of opening of account has been made mandatory effective from April 1, 2006. All applicants should carry original documents for verification by an authorized official of the depository participant, under his signature. Further, the investor has to sign an agreement with DP in a depository prescribed standard format, which details rights and duties of investor and DP.DP should provide the investor with a copy of the agreement and schedule of charges for their future reference. The DP will open the account in the system and give an account number, which is also called BO ID (Beneficiary Owner Identification number). The DP may revise the charges by giving 30 days notice in advance. SEBI has rationalised the cost structure for dematerialisation by removing account opening charges, transaction charges for credit of securities, and custody charges vide circular dated January 28, 2005.Further, SEBI has vide circular dated November 9, 2005 advised that with effect from January 9, 2006, no charges shall be levied by a depository on DP and consequently, by a DP on a Beneficiary Owner (BO) when a BO transfers all the securities lying in his account to another branch of the same DP or to another DP of the same depository or another depository, provided the BO Account/s at transferee DP and at transferor DP are one and the same, i. e. identical in all respects.In case the BO Account at transferor DP is a joint account, the BO Account at transferee DP should also be a joint account in the same sequence of ownership. Disadvantages of Demat The disadvantages of dematerialization of securities can be summarised as follows: Trading in securities may becom e uncontrolled in case of dematerialized securities. It is incumbent upon the capital market regulator to keep a close watch on the trading in dematerialized securities and see to it that trading does not act as a detriment to investors.The role of key market players in case of dematerialized securities, such as stock-brokers, needs to be supervised as they have the capability of manipulating the market. Multiple regulatory frameworks have to be confirmed to, including the Depositories Act, Regulations and the various By-Laws of various depositories. Additionally, agreements are entered at various levels in the process of dematerialization. These may cause anxiety to the investor desirous of simplicity in terms of transactions in dematerialized securities.However, the advantages of dematerialization outweigh its disadvantages and the changes ushered in by SEBI and the Central Government in terms of compulsory dematerialization of securities is important for developing the securities market to a degree of advancement. Freely traded securities are an essential component of such an advanced market and dematerialization addresses such issues and is a step towards the advancement of the market. Transfer of Shares between DPs To transfer shares, we need to fill the Depository Instruction Slip Book (DIS).Firstly we need to check, whether both Demat account's Depository Participant is same or not(CDSL or NSDL) If both of them are different, then we need an INTER Depository Slip (Inter DIS). If they are same, then we need INTRA Depository Slip (Intra DIS). For example: If we have one Demat account with CDSL and other Demat account with NSDL, then we need an Inter DIS. Generally, brokers issue Intra DIS, so do check with broker. Once we identify the correct DIS, fill the relevant information like scrip name INE number quantity in words and figures nd submit that DIS for the transfer to the broker with signatures.The transferor broker shall accept that DIS in duplicate a nd acknowledge receipt of DIS on duplicate copy. Do try to submit that DIS when market is on. Accordingly, date of submission of DIS and date of execution of DIS can be same or a difference of one day is also acceptable. For transfer, you shall also pay the broker some charges. Remember: DIS is almost like a cheque book. Accordingly, it can not be misused if issued blank. So deposit only a completely filled in Slip to broker. Do cut out unfilled rows so that none can fill them later on.